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Biology 2 > Ch25 > Flashcards

Ch25 Flashcards

1
Q

Protocells

A

-may have been fluid-filled vesicles w/ membrane-like structures
-may have been vesicles w/ RNA capable of replication

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2
Q

Abiotic synthesis

A

creation of organic molecules from non-life

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3
Q

Chemical/physical processes on early earth may have produced simple cells in these stages:

A

-abiotic synthesis
-joining of these small molecules
-packaging molecules into protocells
-origin of self-replicating molecules

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4
Q

Earths atmosphere likely contained

A

-water
-chemicals released by volcanic eruptions (N, nitrogen oxides, CO2, methane, ammonia, H, HS

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5
Q

A. I. Oparin and J.B.S Haldane (1920s)

A

hypothesized that the early atmosphere was reducing the environment

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6
Q

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey(1953)

A

-did experiments that showed that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules in a reducing atmosphere is possible
-demonstarted that organic molecules have formed with various possible atmosphere

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7
Q

RNA monomers

A

have produced spontaneously from simple molecules

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8
Q

First genetic material

A

probably RNA

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9
Q

RNA

A

could have been the template for DNA

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10
Q

Ribozymes

A

-RNA molecules
-found to catalyze many diff. reactions
-can make complementary copies of short stretched of RNA

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11
Q

Natural selection

A

produced self-replicating RNA molecules

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12
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

deposited into strata
-richest source of fossils

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13
Q

Fossil record

A

-favors species that: existed for a long time, were abundant/widespread, and had hard parts

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14
Q

Tiktaalik

A

-early terrestrial vertebrate
-filled hole from the jump from water to land

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15
Q

Radiometric dating

A

-can determine absolute ages of fossils
-good for fossils up to 75,000 years old
-

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16
Q

Parent isotope decays into daughter isotope at a constant rate

A
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17
Q

Half-life

A

time required for half the parent isotope to decay

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18
Q

Geologic record

A

-divided into the Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozioc eons
-major boundaries between geological divisions correspond to extinction events in fossil record

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19
Q

Key events in life’s history

A
  • origins of single celled and multicelled organisms
    -colonization of land
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20
Q

Phanerozoic

A

-encompasses multicellular eukaryotic life
-broken down into Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
-(please more coffee)

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21
Q

order for geologic record

A

-Phanerozic
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
-Proterozoic
-Archaean

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22
Q

Stromatolites

A

-rocks formed by the accumulation of sedimentary players on bacterial mats
-oldest known fossils
-date back to 3.5 billion years ago

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23
Q

possible order for earth formation

A

-origin of solar system and earth
-prokaryotes
-atmosphere oxygen
-single-celled eukaryotes
-multicellular eukaryotes
-animals
-humans

24
Q

O2

A

-produced by oxygenic photosynthesis reacted w/ dissolved iron and precipitated out to form banded iron formations
-2.7 billion years ago, oxygen accumulated in atmosphere

25
Q

Oxygen revolution

A

-2.3 -2.7 billion years ago
-caused extinction of many prokaryotic groups
-some survived and adapted using cellular respiration for energy
-likely caused by ancient cyanobacteria

26
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

proposes mitochondria and plastids were formally small prokaryotes living within a larger host cells

27
Q

Serial endosymbiosis

A

supposes that mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence if endosymbiotic events

28
Q

Evidence supporting endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids

A

-inner membranes are similar to plasma membranes
-division is similar in these organelles and some prokaryotes
-they transcribe/translate own DNA
-their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes

29
Q

Evolution of eukaryotic cells

A

allowed for a greater rate of unicellular forms

30
Q

Snowball earth hypothesis

A

suggests that periods of extreme glaciation confined life to the equatorial region or deep sea vents (750-580 million years ago)

31
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

refers the sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla in Cambrian period
-provides first evidence of predator-prey interactions
-may have had a long fuse (from China fossils)
-DNA analyses suggest that many animal phyla diverged before
-fossils in china provide evidence of tens of millions of animal phyla prior to

32
Q

Phylum

A

-based on body plan
-phylogenies (combine morphological, molecular and fossil data)

33
Q

Vascular tissue in plants

A

-transport materials internally
-appeared about 420 million years ago

34
Q

Arthropods and tetrapods

A

most widespread and diverse land animals

35
Q

Tetrapods

A

evolved form lobe finned fishes around 365 million years ago

36
Q

extinction events

A

provided the rise of new species and fall of species

37
Q

Theory of Plate tetonics

A

Earths crusts is composed of plates floating in Earths mantle

38
Q

Tectonic plates

A

move slowly through processes of continental dirft
-oceanic/continental plates collide, seperate, or slide past each other
-interations between plates cause mountains, islands, and earthquakes

39
Q

Continental drift of Pangea

A

-seperation of land can lead to allopatric sepeciation

40
Q

mass extinction

A

result of disruptive global environmental changes
-asteroid creating Gulf of Mexico and causing volcanic eruptions
-can have way for adaptive radiations

41
Q

factors contributed to the ‘Big five extinctions”

A

-intense volcanism in Siberia
-global warming resulted from emissions of CO2 from volcanoes (ice caps melted, conveyor belt of current form Pacific Ocean to Atlantic shut down, ocean died, everything in ocean died (extinction)
-reduced temp. from equator to poles
-oceanic anoxia from reduced mixing of ocean waters

42
Q

Permian extinction

A

-defines boundary between Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras 251 million years ago
-occured in less than 5 million years
-caused about 95% of marine animal species

43
Q

Cretaceous mass extinction

A

-65.5 million years ago
-seperated Mesozoic from Cenozoic
-half of marine terrestrial plants, and most of dinosaurs went extinct

44
Q

Presence of iridium in sedimentary rocks

A

-suggests meteorite impact about 65 million years ago (caused dust cloud, covered sun, disturbed global climate)
-Gulf of Mexico

45
Q

Extinction rates

A

tend to increase when global temp. increase

46
Q

adaptive radiation

A

evolution of diversely adapted species from common ancestors
-may follow mass extinctions, evolution of novel characteristics, and colonization of new regions
-photosynthetic prokaryotes, large predators in Cambrian, land plants, insects, and tetrapods
-can occur when organisms colonize new environments w/ little competition
-Hawaii (great ex. of regional adaptive radiation)

47
Q

Heterochrony

A

evolutionary change in rate/timing of developmental events
-can have significant impact on body shape
-can alter timing of reproductive development relative to development of nonproductive organs

48
Q

Homeotic genes

A

-determine where certain features (ex. wings, legs, how flower parts are arranged) will develop on an organism
-cause rapid change

49
Q

paedormophosis

A

rate of reproductive development accerlerates compared with somatic development

50
Q

Causes of rapid changes

A

-changes in Hox gene

51
Q

Evolutionary novelties

A
52
Q

Evolutionary trends

A

-do not imply an intrinsic drive toward a particular phenotype

53
Q

Hox genes

A

-class of homeotic gene
-provide positional info. during development
-if expressed in wrong location, then body part will be in wrong location

54
Q

Ubx gene

A

changes have been identified that can turn off leg development

55
Q

Evolution is like…

A

..tinkering
-process where slight modifications of existing forms cause new forms

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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