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Biology 2 > Ch. 44 > Flashcards

Ch. 44 Flashcards

1
Q

osmoregulation

A

-regulate dilute concentrations and balances gain and loss of water
-based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and external environment

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2
Q

excretion

A

gets ride of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products

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3
Q

freshwater animals

A

-show adaptations that reduce water uptake and conserve solutes

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4
Q

desert and marine animals

A

face desiccating environments that can quickly deplete body water

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5
Q

albatroz bird

A

has special glands and ATP to pump sodium and chloride from sea water
-liquid comes out of nostril looking holes which is connected to glands in head
-spemd most of their time flying

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6
Q

osomolarity

A

-solute concentration of solution determines movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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7
Q

isoosmotic

A

-water is equal in both directions

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8
Q

2 solutions differ in osmolarity

A

-net flow of water is from the hypo osmotic to hyper osmotic solution

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9
Q

osmoconformers

A

-most marine invertebrates
-isoosmotic w/ their surrounding and do not regulate their osmolarity

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10
Q

osmoregulater

A

-humans
-expend energy to control water uptake and loss in hyper osmotic or hypo osmotic environment
-most marine vertebrates and some invertebrates

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11
Q

stenohaline

A

-most animals
-cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

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12
Q

euryhaline

A

-other animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

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13
Q

compare/contrast osmoregulation in fresh and marine fishes

A

marine fish:
1. gain salt ions/water from food and seawater
2. excrete salt ion from gills
3.osmotic water loss through gills
4. excrete salt ions and little water through scanty urine
freshwater:
1. gain of water and some ions from food
2.uptake of salt ion by gills
3. osmotic water gain through gills
4. excrete salt ion and a lot of water through dilute urine

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14
Q

anhydrobiosis

A

-adaptation where aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all body water and survive in dormant state

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15
Q

tardigrade

A

-water bears
-can handle anhydrobiosis

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16
Q

land animals

A

-terrestial: body coverings help prevent dydration, maintain water balance by eating moist food and producing water metabolically through cellular respiration
-desert: save water from certain anatomical features and being nocturnal
-

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17
Q

amount of energy expended to maintain osmotic gradients differs based on..

A

-how diff. animals osmolarity is from surroundings
-how eaisly water and solutes move across animals surface
-work required to pump solutes across the membrane

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18
Q

salmon

A

born in freshwater and travel to salt and then back to freshwater
-change ion transporters

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19
Q

Galapagos iguanas

A

-have gland to expel salt
-look like their sneezing

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20
Q

transport epithelia

A

-epitehlial cells that are specialized for moving solutes in specific directions
-typically arranged in complex tubular networks
-Ex. nasal gland in marine birds (Rome excess salt from blood)

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21
Q

animals nitrogenous wastes reflect…

A

its phylogeny and habitat

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22
Q

most significant water of nitrogenous breakdown products are

A

proteins and nucleic acids
-different forms: ammonia, urea, and uric acid
-differ in toxicity and energy costs

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23
Q

bird poop

A

-dark spot is feces
-white is uric acid

24
Q

ammonia

A

some animals convert toxic ammonia to less toxic compounds prior to excretion
-animals that secrete ammonia need access to lots of water
-secerte through whole surface or gills

25
Q

urea

A

-some mammals and most adult amphibians convert ammona to urea
-less toxic
-circulatory system carries urea to kidneys, then excreteed
-conversion is energy expensive
-excretion requires less water

26
Q

uric acid

A

insects, land snails, many reptiles including birds mainly excrete uric acid
-relatively nontoxic
-doesnt dissolve readily in water
-secreted as paste w/ little water loss
-most energetically expensive

27
Q

filtrate

A

liquid formed from filtration in kidneys
-added to urine

28
Q

key function of most excretory systems

A

-diversity is due to variations on tubular theme
-regulate solute movement between internal fluids and external environment
1. filtration of body fluids
2. reabsorption: reclaiming valuable solutes
3. secretion: adding nonessential solutes and wastes from body fluids to filtrate
4. excretion: release of filtrate containing nitrogenous waste out of body
-includes complex network of tubules

29
Q

protonephridium

A

-network of dead end tubules connected to external openings
-flame bulb: cellular unit that caps smallest branch of network
-excrete dilute fluid and function in osmoregulation
-in basal organisms (ex. flatworm)

30
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

-insects and terrestial arthropods
-removes nitrogenous waste from hemolymph
-function is osmoregulation
-insects produce dry matter of mostly uric acid and some can take up water from air

31
Q

kidneys

A

-osmolarity changes going towards inner medulla
-excretory organs in vertebrates
-function in both excretion and osmoregulation
-study diagrams of kidneys and slides

32
Q

proximal tubulue

A

-reabsorbs ions, water and nutrients
-molecules transported actively/passively from filtrate into interstitial fluid then to capillaries
-some toxic materials secreted into filtarte
-filtrate passes through, materials
becomes concentrated
-filtrate volume decreases but its osmolarity remains the same

33
Q

descending limb of loop of Henle

A

-reabsorption of water continues through formed by aquaorins
-movement driven by high osmolarity of interstitial fluid (hyper osmotic to filtrate)
-filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated

34
Q

ascending limb of loop of Henle

A

salt is able to diffuse from tubule into interstitial fluid
-filtrate becomes increasingly dilute

35
Q

distal tubule

A

-regulates K+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids (controlled movement contributes to pH regulation)

36
Q

collecting duct

A

-carries filtrate through medulla to renal pelvis
-important task: reabsorption of solutes and water
-urine is hyper osmotic to body fluids
-filtrates through osmolarity gradient
-more water exits filtrate by osmosis
-urea diffuses out as it traverses inner medulla

37
Q

counter current multiplier system

A

involving loop of Henle maintains a high salt concentration in kidney
-allows the vasa recta to supply the kidney with the nutrients without interfering with osmolarity gradient

38
Q

loop of Henle

A

-birds has short loop
-mamals; have long loop
-fresh water: short loop
-other reptiles: only cortical nephrons (secrete Uric acid)

39
Q

marine bony fishes

A

Hypoosmotic compared to their environment
-kidneys have small glomeruli and some lack glomeruli
-filtration rate is slow
-little urine excreted

40
Q

South American vampire bat

A

-kidneys produce either very little dilute or very concentrated urine
-allows bat to reduce body weight rapidly or digest large amounts of proteins while conserving water

41
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

-controls amount of water reabsorbed by nephrons
-makes collecting duct epithelium more permeable to water
-triggered by increase of osmolarity , helps conserve water
-binding to receptor molecules leads to temporary increase in number of aquaporin proteins in membrane of collecting duct cells
-mutation causes severe dyhradtion and results in diabetes insipidus
-alcohol inhibits ADH release

42
Q

renin angiotensin aldosterone system(RAAS)

A

-triggered to bring BP up
-part of complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis
-responds tp decrease in blood volume

43
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

-drop in BP triggers JGA to release enzyme renin which triggers angiotensin II (peptide)

44
Q

angiotensin II

A

-raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow to kidneys
-stimulates release of aldosterone (hormone) which increases blood volume and pressure

45
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

-hormone that opposes RAAS
-released in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure and inhibits release of renin

46
Q

kind of nitrogenous waste depends on

A

animals evolutionary history, habitat (water availability )

47
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

-urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine
-prodcued from protein metabolism

48
Q

metanephridia

A
  • in earthworm
    -consist of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion
    -open-ended
49
Q

hyper osmotic urine

A

Can be produced only because considerable energy is expended to transport salutes against concentration gradients

50
Q

2 primary solutes affecting osmolarity

A

NaCl and urea (form osmotic gradient that enables kidney to produce urine that is hyperosmotic to blood

51
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

-in mammals
-key to water conservation and terrestrial animals

52
Q

mammals in dry habitats and fresh water

A

-dry: have long loops of hence
-freshwater: short

53
Q

freshwater fishes

A

-conserve salt in dital tubules and excrete large vol. of dilute urine

54
Q

amphibians

A

-conserve water on land by reabsorbing water from urinary bladder
-kidney function similar to freshwater fishes

55
Q

ADH and RAAS

A

Both increase water reabsorption
-only RAAS: responds to a decrease in blood volume

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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