Ch. 22

Question 1

Aristotle (384BC)

Answer 1

greek philosopher
arranged species on a Scala naturae
-viewed species as fixed

Question 2

Carlous Linnaeous (1707-1778)

Answer 2

-Tried to organize all life forms using classifying system.
-Interpreted adaptation as evidence that the Creator designed each species for a specific purpose.

Question 3

Lamarck

Answer 3

Darwin’s grandfather, suggested that evolution was a result of usage.

Question 4

Wallace (1848)

Answer 4

came up with his own essay/hypothesis on natural selection

Question 5

Darwin part 1

Answer 5

-published origin of species in 1859
-Fossils lay the groundwork for his ideas
-I perceived adaptation and origin of new species as closely related
-observed in Galapagos the environmental changes caused adaptations

Question 6

Darwin’s 3 main observations

Answer 6

-unity of life
-diversity of life
-match between organism and environment

Question 7

Darwin was influenced by…

Answer 7

Linnesaus
Lyell’s Principles of Geology
Thomas Malthus-

Question 8

Artificial selection

Answer 8

selecting/breeding individuals with desired traits

Question 9

Natural selection

Answer 9

-where organisms who better adapt to the environment tend to survive/reproduce
-found by Darwin
-increase/decrease heritable traits that vary in pop.
-doesn’t create new traits (just edits/selects for traits already present in pop.) -environment decides
-only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution

Question 10

Descent with modification

Answer 10

-all organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor
-can be viewed as a pattern/process

Question 11

Darwins other main observations

Answer 11

-members of a population often vary in their inherited traits
-all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many offsprings failed to survive

Question 12

strata

Answer 12

layers

Question 13

paleontology

Answer 13

study of fossils

Question 14

Catastrophism

Answer 14

-each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe

Question 15

James Hulton and Charles Lyell

Answer 15

• believed Changes in earths surface can result from slow continuous action still operating today

Question 16

Uniformitarianism

Answer 16

-Lyell’s principle
-mechanisms of change are constant over time
-strongly influenced Darwin
-changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous in uniform processes

Question 17

Niche

Answer 17

-job
-role an organism plays in a community

Question 18

Evidence for natural selection

Answer 18

-response to introduced plant species
-drug-resistant bacteria

Question 19

Homology

Answer 19

-Similarity resulting from common ancestry
-can form evolutionary tree

Question 20

Homologous structures

Answer 20

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.

Question 21

Vestigial structures

Answer 21

Remnants of features that had function in organism’s ancestors

Question 22

Evolutionary tree

Answer 22

-Hypothesis of relationships among different groups of species
-can be made by homologies and vestigial structures

Question 23

Convergent evolution

Answer 23

-Evolution of analogous features in distantly related groups
-does not provide info on ancestry
-the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time.
-ex. bat and insect both having wings and dolphin-like bodies

Question 24

Analogous traits

Answer 24

-arise from groups independently adapting to similar environments in similar ways
-doesn’t mean relation when organisms have similar traits

Question 25

Fossils

Answer 25

-Provide evidence of extinct species
-document important transitions

Question 26

Biogeography

Answer 26

-geographic distribution of species
-provides evidence of evolution

Question 27

Pangaea

Answer 27

single large continent made up of earth then separated by continental drift

Question 28

Endemic species

Answer 28

-species that are nor found anywhere else in the world except in a specific place
-often on islands