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Biology 2 > Ch 41 > Flashcards

Ch 41 Flashcards

1
Q

herbivores

A

eat mainly plants/algae
–larger alimentary canals
-longer cecums

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2
Q

omnivores

A

-animals and plants
-larger alimentary canals

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3
Q

carnivores

A

-eat other animals
-large expandable stomach.
-small cecum

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4
Q

animals are

A

opportunistic feeders

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5
Q

animals diet provides

A

-chemical energy
-organic building blocks
-essentail nutrients

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6
Q

essential nutrients

A

-amino acids
-fatty acids
-vitamins
-minerals

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7
Q

amino acids

A

-require 20
-meat, eggs, and cheese provide essential amino acids (complete proteins)

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8
Q

plant proteins

A

-incomeplete proteins
-need specific plant combinations to receive all amino acids

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9
Q

essential fatty acids

A

-must be obtain through diet
-defiencies are rare

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10
Q

vitamins

A

organic molecules
-required in small amounts
-13 essential
-grouped into 2 categories: fat and water soluble
-Water-soluble vitamins:
-dissolved in the water in your body
-easily lost (ie through urine)
-need to be replenished often.
-Fat-soluble vitamins:
-absorbed along with the fats
-can be stored

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11
Q

minerals

A

-simple inorganic nutrients
-usually required in small amounts
-ingesting large amounts can upset homeostatic balance

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12
Q

undernourished individual

A

-use up stored fat/carbs
-break down proteins
-lose muscle mass
-suffer protein deficiency of brain
-die/suffer irreversible damage

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13
Q

person lost at sea

A

-if they drink water, too much NaCl which will cause neurons to misfire and cause hallucination
-sea water has higher osmotic pressure than fluids in body, so body will pull water out of cells to dilute sea water causing to dehydrate body further

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14
Q

epidemiology

A

-study of human health and disease in pop
-where insights of human nutrition came from

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15
Q

hemochromatosis

A

-causes iron buildup w/o excessive iron intake
-women have advantage bc of menstration (remove excess iron from blood)
men can donate blood

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16
Q

ingestion

A

act of eating

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17
Q

digestion

A

chemical: saliva breaks down food
mechanical: chewing

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18
Q

enzymatic hydrolysis

A

-in chemical digestion
-process where bonds are split in molecules w/ addition of water

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19
Q

absorption

A

-uptake of nutrients by body cells

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20
Q

elimination

A

-passage of undigested material out of digestive system

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21
Q

main stages of food processing

A

-ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

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22
Q

intracellular digestion

A

-takes place in animals w/o digestive tract (Platyhelminthes and Cnidarian)
-digestion that takes place inside cell
-food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis
-vacuoles containing food fuse w/ lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes

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23
Q

extracellular digestion

A

-vertebrates, arthropods, more
-breakdown of food particles outside of cells
-occurs in compartments that are continuous w/ outside of animals body

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24
Q

mammalian accessory glands

A

-salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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25
Q

mammalian digestive system

A

-alimentary canal and accessory glands

26
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of muscles in wall of canal
-esophagus and intestines

27
Q

sphincters

A

-most are autonomic
-regulate movement of material between compartments
-prevent chyme from entering esophagus and regulate entry into small intestine

28
Q

salivary glands

A

-deliver saliva to lubricate food
-saliva: contains mucus

29
Q

salivary amylase

A

-initiates breakdown of glucose polymers

30
Q

bolus

A

-tongue shapes food into bolus (ball) and provides help w/ swallowing

31
Q

pharynx

A

-throat
-junction that opens to both esophagus and trachea

32
Q

esophagus

A

-connects to stomach

33
Q

trachea

A

windpipe

34
Q

stomach

A

-stores food,
-secretes gastric juice *(converts a meal to acid chyme)
-coordination contraction and relaxation of stomach muscle churn stomaches contents

35
Q

gastric juice

A

-low ph of 2
-kills bacteria and denatures proteins
-made of HCl and pepsin
-musucs protects inner lining of stomach from juice

36
Q

pepsin

A

-protease
-protein digesting enzymes
-cleaves protein into smaller peptides

37
Q

chief cells

A

-secrete inactive pepsinogen
-pepsinogen activates into pepsin when mixed with HCl

38
Q

small intestines

A

-longest section
-major organ for digestion and absorption
-duodenum
-transfers nutrients into blood to disperse to body
-has large surface area due to villi and microvilli that are exposed to intestinal lumen and greatly increase absorption

38
Q

duodenum

A

-where chyme from stomach mixes w/ digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gallbladder and small intestine
-most absorption occurs here

39
Q

pancreas

A

-produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin are activated in lumen of duedenum
-solution is alkaline and neutralizes acidic chyme

40
Q

no gallbladder

A

-low fat diet because nothing can break down the fats causing diarrhea (anal leakage)

41
Q

biles

A

stored in gall bladder
-made in liver
-aids in digestion and breakdown of fats

42
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

-carries nutrient rich blood from capillaries of villi to liver, then to heart

43
Q

colon

A

-in large intestine, before rectum
-major function to recover water and salt
-houses bacteria (E.coli) that live on unabsorbed organic material
-feces becomes more solid as it moves through

44
Q

cecum

A

-aids in fermentation
-large in vegetarian animals
-where small and large intestine meet

45
Q

appendix

A

-extension of cecum
-plays minor role in immunity

46
Q

rectum

A

-storage of feces

47
Q

dentition

A

animals assortment of teeth
-example of structural variation reflecting diet

48
Q

fermentation chambers

A

-where mutualistic microorganisms digest cellulose
-CO2 and methane
-herbivores

49
Q

mutalitsic adaptations (elaborate adaptation)

A
50
Q

glucose homeostasis

A

-in liver
-oxidation of glucose generates ATP to fuel cellular processes
-hormones insulin and glucagon regulate breakdown of glycogen into glucose
-carb rich meal: raises insulin levels, triggers synthesis of glycogen
-low blood sugar: causes glucagon to stimulate break of glycogen into glucose

51
Q

feedback circuits

A

-regulate digestion, energy storage, appetite

52
Q

energy stored

A

-in liver and muscle cells in polymer glycogen
-excess energy is stored in adipose (most-effiecent )

53
Q

animals w/ simple body plans

A

-have gastrovascular cavity (functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients)

54
Q

more complex animals

A

-have digestive tube (called complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal) that connects mouth and anus

55
Q

ruminants

A

–animals w/ most elaborate adaptations for an herbivorous diet
-Ex. cow, deer, etc..

56
Q

leptin

A

-hormone that play important role in regulating obesity
-produced by adipose tissue
-can help suppress appetite

57
Q

satiety center in brain

A

-where hormones regulate long term and short term appetite
-Leptin, PYY, Insulin, ghrelin

58
Q

petrels

A

-birds that become obese as chicks in order to consume enough protein from high fat food
-need to consume more than what they burn

59
Q

Obesity

A

-overnourishment
-contributes to type 2 diabetes, cancer in colon and breasts, heart attack and strokes

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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