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Biology 2 > Ch 40 > Flashcards

Ch 40 Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

-study of biological functions organism performs

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2
Q

anatomy

A

study of biological form of an organism

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3
Q

convergent evolution

A

environment infurencing form of organism
occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures.

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4
Q

rate of exchange

A

proportional to cells surface area

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5
Q

interstitial fluid

A

-allows for movement of material into and out of cells

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6
Q

tissues

A

-4 categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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7
Q

epithelial tissue

A

-outside of body
-lines organs and cavities
-cells closely joined together
shape:
-cubodial: dice
-squamous: flattened
-columnar: long bricks
layers:
-simplied: 1 layer
-stratfied : multiple layers of cells
-pseudostratified columnar

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8
Q

connective tissue

A

-binds and supports
-sparsely packed cells scattered through extracellular matrix (fibers in liquid, jellylike or solid foundation)
-contains fibroblast and macrophages

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9
Q

3 types of connective fiber made of protein

A

-collagenous fiber
-elsatic fibers
-reticular

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10
Q

fibroblast

A

-secrte protein of extracellular fibers

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11
Q

macrophage

A

-involved in immune system

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12
Q

6 types of connective tissue

A

-cartilage
-tendons
-ligaments
-blood
-adipose tissue
-bone

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13
Q

muscle tissue

A

-long cells (muscle fibers)
-contract in reponse to nerve signals
3 types
-skeletal:
-smooth:
-cardiac:

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14
Q

nervous tissue

A

-senses stimuli and transmit signals
Contains:
-neurons: transmit nerve impulses
-glial cells: help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

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15
Q

signaling by hromones

A

-takes longer
-slow acting by can be long lasting
-signal travels everywhere
-stimulus: endocrine cell

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16
Q

signaling by nerves

A

-quick
-signal travels to specific location
-stimulus: neuron

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17
Q

endocrine system

A

-transmit chemical signals (hormones) to receptive cells through blood

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18
Q

nervous systen

A

-transmit info. between specific locations
-info conveyed depends on signals pathway not type of signal
-signal transmission is very fast
–can be received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells and exocrine cells

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19
Q

regulator

A

-uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in face of external, environmental fluctuation

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20
Q

conformer

A

-allows its internal condition to vary w/ certain external changes

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21
Q

Borhs effect

A

-drop in pH which reduces hemoglobins affinity for oxygen

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22
Q

homeostasis

A

-process to maintain steady state
-internal balance regardless of external environment
-humans: temp., blood pH, glucose [ ], each maintained at constant level

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23
Q

mechanisms of homeostais

A

–moderate changes in internal environment
-set point: stimulis, detected by a sensor and trigger a response
-circadian rhythm

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24
Q

negative feedback

A

-helps return variable to normal range
-helps reach equilibrium of homeostasis

25
Q

positive feedback

A

-amplifies stimulus
-does not contribute to homeostatsis in animals

26
Q

acclimatization

A

-process where homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment

27
Q

thermoregulation

A

-process by which animals maintain an internal temp within a tolerable range

28
Q

endothermic

A

-aniamls generate heat by metabolism
-birds and mammals
-active at greater range of external temp
-more energetically expensive

29
Q

ectotherms

A

-gain heat from external sources
-most invertebrates, fishes, and amphibians and again reptiles
-tolerate greater variation in internal temp

30
Q

exchange heat by 4 physical processes

A

-radiation
-evaporation
-convection
-conduction

31
Q

integumentary system

A

-skin, hair, nails
-helps to thermoregulate

32
Q

5 adaptations help animals thermoregulate

A

-insulation
-circulatory adaptations
-cooling by evaporating heat loss
-behavioral repsonses
-adjusting metabolic heat production

33
Q

insulation

A

-especiallly important in marine animals
-skin, feathers, blubber reduce heat loss

34
Q

circulatory adaptations

A

-regulation of blood flow near body surface
-vasodilation: blood flow increases (facilitating heat loss)
-vasocontriction: blood flow in skin decreases (lowering heat loss)

35
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

-transfer heat between fluids flowing in opp. directions
-reduce heat loss
-arrangement of blood vessels in marine animals/birds allow for this
-bony fishes/sharks also use this
-endothermic insects: helps maintain high temp. in thorax

36
Q

cooling by evaporating heat loss

A

-panting
-sweating

37
Q

behavioral responses

A

some teretsial vertebrates: have postures that minimize/maximine absorption of solar heat
-bees shake their butts

38
Q

adjusting metabolic heat production

A

-thermogeneis : increased by muscle activity (moving/shivering) to increase body temp.
-nonshivering thermogenesis: hormones cause mitochondria to increase metabolic activity
-some ectoderms also shiver

39
Q

hypothalamis

A

-where thermoregulation is controlled
-triggers heat loss/generating mechanisms

40
Q

bioenergenetics

A

overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
-determines how much food an animals needs
-related to an animals size, activity, environment

41
Q

biosynthesis

A

-includes body growth and repair
-synthesus of storage material (fat)
-production of gametes

42
Q

metabolic rate

A

amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
-can be determined by : animals heat loss and amount of oxygen consumed/CO2 produced
-influenced by size, activity, if endo/ectoderm
-proportional to body mass to the power of 3 quarters (m3/4)
-maximum is inversely related to duration of activity
-energy is partitioned to BMR or SMR activity

43
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

-metabolic rate of endoderm at rest at comfortable temp

44
Q

standard metabolic rate

A

metabolic rate of ectoderm at rest at a specific temp.

45
Q

torpor

A

-physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

46
Q

hibernation

A

-long term topor
-adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity

47
Q

estivation

A

-summer topor
-enables animals to survive long periods of high temps. and scarce water

48
Q

daily torpor

A

-exhibited by many small mammals (hummingbirds)
-seems adapted to feeding patterns

49
Q

digestive system

A

-mouth, pharynx, stomach, intestines, esophagus, intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder
-food processing

50
Q

circulatory system

A

-heart, vessels, blood
-internal distribution of materials

51
Q

respiratory system

A

lungs- trachea, other breathing tubes
-gas exchange

52
Q

immune/lymphatic system

A

-bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells

53
Q

excretory system

A

-kidneys, ereters, urinary bladder, urethra
-disposal of metabolic wastes
-regulation of osmotic balance of blood

54
Q

endocrine system

A

-pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal
-coordination of body activities (digestion/metabolism)

55
Q

reproductive system

A

-ovaries, testes, others
-reproduction

56
Q

nervous system

A

-brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
-coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli
-formation of responses

57
Q

integumentary

A

-skin, hair, skin glands, nails
-protection against mechanical injuries, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation

58
Q

skeletal

A

-bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
-body support, protection of organs, movement

59
Q

muscular

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
-locomotion and other movement

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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