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Biology 2 > Ch 34 > Flashcards

Ch 34 Flashcards

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1
Q

Notochord

A
  • longitudinal flexible rob between digestuve tube and nerve cord
    -provides skeletal support
    -adults retains only remnants
    -
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2
Q

Key charateristics of chordates

A

-notochord
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-pharyngeal slits
-muscular post anail tail
-some only have these traits during embryonic development
-in most, tail is greatly reduced during embryonic development
-common for genes of heart/throid to be associated

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3
Q

nerve cord in chordate

A

-develops from a plate of ectoderm and rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord
-develops into central nervous system

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4
Q

Tunicates

A

-invertebrates
-urochordata
-sea squirts
-more closely related to other chordates than lancelets
-salps, …
-most resemble chordates at larval stage (only few minutes)
-adult: draws in water thorught incurrent siphon (filtering food particles)
-shoot water through their excurrent siphon
-one cluster of Hox gene

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5
Q

pharyngeal cleft

A

-in most chordates, it develops into slits that open to outside of body
-aquatic craniates: evolves into gill slits

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6
Q

lancelets

A

-cephalochordate
–marine suspension feeders
-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-pharyngeal slits
-postanal tail, endo style
-may have resembles ancestral chordates
-Hox gene expressed in simple nerve cord tip
-one cluster of Hox gene

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7
Q

craniates

A

-chordates that have a head
-2 clusters of Hox genes
-neural crest
-higher metabolism and more musculer than tunicates and lancelets
-skull, brain, eyes and other sensory organs
-heart w/ at least 2 chambers, red bloodcells, and kidneys
-fossils from Cambrian explosion document transition in craniates
-more advanced chordate: Myllokunmingia
-most primitive: Haikouella (3cm, brain, eyes, muscular segments BUT no skull)
(whole groups of animals, isnt just one type)
-most basal group is Myxini (hag fishes)

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8
Q

Hagfishes

A

-Myxini
-most basal group of craniates
-cartiligous skull and axial rod
-lack jaws and certebrae
-small brain, eyes, ears , tooth like formtaions
-marine , bottom dwelling scavnergrs

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9
Q

Lamprey

A

-petromyzontida
-oldest lving lineage of vertebrates
-jawless vertebrates that feed by clmaping their mouth onto fish
-marine and freshwater
-cartiligous segments surrounding notochord

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10
Q

Conodonts

A

-first vertebrates w/ minerlaized skeltal elements in motuh and pharynx

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11
Q

Gnathostoms

A

-craniata with jaws (Chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, amphibia, mammalia, lepidosauria, testudines, crocodilia, aves)
-duplication in Hox gene
-enlagrd forebrain assoictaed w/ enhanced smell and vision
-aqautic: lateral line system (sensitive to vibrations)
-clade
-most are oviparous

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12
Q

PLacoderms

A

-earliesr gnathostomes
-armored vertebvrates
-Ordovician, 450 millions years ago

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13
Q

Chondrichthyans

A

-skelton composed primarly of cartilage
-largest/most diverse group
-sharks , rays, skates

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14
Q

Sharks

A

-streamlined body
-swift swimmers
-largest are suspension feeders, most are carnivores
-short digestive track
-acute sense (ability to detect electrical fields)
-eggs ferilized internally
-embryo develops in 3 diff. eays: oviparous, ovovivparous, and viviparous

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15
Q

oviparous

m

A

-eggs hatch outsude moms body

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16
Q

ovoviviparous

A

-embryo develops within uterus and is noursihed by egg yolk

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17
Q

viviparous

A

-shark fertilization
-embryo develops within uterus and is nourshied through yolk sac placenta from moms bloood

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18
Q

osteichthyans

A

–most have bony endo skeleton
-bony fish and tetrapods
-aquatic: we call fishes
-in clade gnathostomes

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19
Q

operculum

A

-protects gills when drawing water

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20
Q

swim bladder

A

-how fishes control bouyancy
-air sac

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21
Q

Ray-finned fishes

A

-Actinoptergii
-originated from Silurian (444-416 million years ago)
-long, flexible ray protect fins and modify maneuvering, defense, and other functions

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22
Q

Lobe-fins

A

-sarcopterygii
-have muscular pelvis and pectoral fins
-originated in Silurian period
-3 lineages survived: lung fish, coelacanths, tetrapods
-one of most significant event: fins on some evolved into limbs/feet of tetrapods

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23
Q

Coelacanths

A

-thought to have been extinct, but found in South Afriva in 1938

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24
Q

tetrapods

A

-gnathostomes
-four limbs, feet w/ digits
-neck
-fusion of pelvic girdle
-absence of gills
-ears for detecting airborne sounds
-first appeared 365 million years ago
-Tikataalik: fishapod, fish and tetrapod characteristics (most likely could prop itself up but not walk)

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25
Amphibians
-about 6150 species -tetrapods -salamanders -frogs -both land/water -moist skin that complements lungs in gas exchnage -some have lungs -ferilization external (require moist environment) -pop. has been declining (disease, habitate loss, climate change, pollution)
26
Amniotes
-reptiles, birds and mammals -members protect their embryos with amniotic sac -amniotic eggs of most reptiles and some mammals have a shell -relatively impermeable skin -ability to use rib cage to ventilate lungs
27
early amniotes
-amphibians and amniotes split from common ancestpr 350 million years ago -more tolerant of dry conditons than early tetrapods
28
reptiles
-tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and some extinct groups -scales that create waterproof barriar -lay shelled eggs on land -ectothermic : absorbing external heat -birds are endothermic: capable of keeping body warm thorugh metabolism
29
parareptiles
-mostly large stocky quadrupedal herbivores -first major group to emerge from carboniferous period -as these were declining, diapsids were diversifying
30
diapsids
2 lienages: lepidosaurs and archosaur
31
archosaur
-pterosaurs: first tetrapods to exhibit flight + theropods -crocodilians -dinosaurs
32
theropods
-where bird descended from -bipedal carnivores
33
lepidosaurs
-living species : tuataras, squamates(lizards and snakes) -lizards most numerous/diverse reptiles, apart from birds -snakes: carnivores, evolved from lizards
34
turtles
-boxlike shell made of upper/lower shields fused to vertebrae clavicles and ribs -some have adapted to deserts, others live in ponds or rievrs
35
crocodilians
-alligators and crocodiles -belong to archosaur lineage -back to late Triassic
36
birds
-archosaurs -adaptations for flight: wings made of keratin, lack of uninary bladder, females have on ovary, small gonads, loss of teeth -flight: enhances hunting/scavenging, escape from predators, migration/ requires energy, acute vision, fine muscle control
37
living birds
-belong to clade Neornithes flightless: ratites, penguins, and certain species of rails, ducks, and pigeons
38
origin of birds
-probably decsended frpm theropods(carnivorous dinosaurs) - feathers: evolved for insultaion, camouflage, or courtship; gain lift when jumping, gain traction up hills, glide from trees - 150 million years ago, feathered tetrapods evolved to birds - Archaeopteryx: oldest known bird
39
Mammals
-amniotes -hair and produce milk -more than 5,300 species -mammary glands -high metabolic rate due to endothermy -larger brain -differentiated teeth -evolved from synapsids -significnat adaptive radiation until after Cretaceous -by Cretaceous, 3 living lineages emerged: monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians
40
Monotremes
-small group of egg-laying mammals echidnas and platypus
41
Marsupial
-opossums, kangaroos, and koalas -embryo develops in placenta of moms uterus -born very in early in development -completes development in maternal pouch (marsupium) -bandicoot: pouch on rear -convergent evolution caused diveristy that resemble eutherians in world
42
eutherians
-more complex placenta -complete development in uterus -conflicting data on molecular and morphological dates on diversification -whales, elephants, humans, dogs, cattle, etc
43
primates
-humans are part of group -hands/feet for grasping, flat nails -large brain -small jaw -forward lookng eyes -complex social behvaior -opposable thumb -living: lemurs, lorises, pottos, tarsiers, anthropoids (monkeys and apes)
44
new world monkeys
-tail that can hang on to something -south america -appeared about 25 million years ago -underwent seperate adaptive radition than old world
45
old world monkey
-first monkeys evolved in Old world -Africa and asia
46
apes
-gibbons, orangutans, gorillas chimpanzees, bonobos, humans -diverged from old world monkeys (20-25 million years ago)
47
Homo sapians
-showed up about 200,000 years ago -upright posture, bipedal locomotion -larger brain (langauge, artistic expression, symbolic thought, use of compex tools) -reduced jawbones/muscles -shorter digestive tract -human and chimpanzee are 99% identical -descended from African ancestors -oldest fossil outsude Afruca date back to 115,000 years (from middle east) -humans first arrived to New World about 15,000 years ago
48
Hominins
-more closely related to humans than chimpanzees -20 species of extinct hominins -early hominns: originated in Africa 6-7 million years ago (small brains and incrasing bipedalism)
49
Austraopiths
-paraphyletic assemblahe of hominins living between 4-2 million years agi -Australopithecus afarensis walked fully erect
50
bipedalism
-walking on 2 feet -hominins began to walk long distance on 2 legs -1.9 million years ago
51
tool use
oldest evidence of tool use: cut marks on animal bones -2.5 million years ago
52
Homo habilis
-earliest fossils -2.4-1.6 million years -usage of stone tools: called handy man
53
Homo ergaster
first fully bipedal large brained hominid -1.9-1.5 million years ago -siginificant decrease in sexual dimorphism
54
Homo erectus
-Africa 1.8 million years ago -first to leave Africa
55
Neanderthals
-Europe 350,000-28,000 years ago -thick boned w/ larger brain -buried their dead -made hunting tools -debate between exact exchange between genes for neanderthals and Homo sapians
56
Homo floresiensis
-18,000 year old fossils found in 2004 -small hominin
57
Chordata
-chordates -bilaterian animals comprise all vertebrates and 2 groups of invertebrates and cephalochordates
58
functions of pharyngeal slits
-suspension feeding strcuture in invertebrate chordates -gas exchnage in vertebrates -develop into parts of the ear, head, neck in tetrapods
59
neural crest
-collection of cells near the dorsal margins of closing neural tube in embryo -gives rise to some of bones and cartilage in skull
60
three main groups of primates
-lemurs, lorises and pottos -tarsiers -anthropids (monkeys and apes)
61
Distinguishing characters between humans and other apes
-humans have larger brains -humans not covered in thick hair -human arms are relatively weaker than other ape arms -humans have more complex verbal communication

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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