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Biology 2 > CH 49 > Flashcards

CH 49 Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

command and control system
-circuit of neurons and supporting cells

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2
Q

nerve nets

A

-series of interconnected nerve cells
-in Cnidarians and Echinodermata
-more complex animals have nerves
-sea stars have nerve net in each arm

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3
Q

nerves

A

bundles that consist axons of multiple nerve cells

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4
Q

annelids and arthropods

A

-have segmentally arranged clusters of neurons called ganglia

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5
Q

simple cephalized animals

A

-ex. flatworms
-have CNS

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6
Q

sessile molluscs

A

-clams and chitons
-have simple nerve systems

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7
Q

complex molluscs

A

-octopuses and squids
-more sophisticated systems

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8
Q

vertebrates NS

A

-CNS (brain and spinal cord: conveys info to/from brain, produces reflexes independently of brain)
-PNS

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9
Q

reflex

A

-bodys automatic response to stimulus

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10
Q

gray matter

A

-unmyelinated axons
-neuron bodies, dendrites
-enables movement, memory, emotions

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11
Q

white matter

A

-myelinated axons
-conducts,proccesses, and sends nerve signals up/down spinal cord

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12
Q

motor system

A

-carries signals to skeletal muscles
-voluntary
-efferent component of PNS

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13
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-regulates smooth and cardiac muscles
-genrally involuntary
-efferent component of PNS
-3 parts: sympthatic, parasympathetic, and enteric

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14
Q

sympathetic division

A

-regulates arousal and energy generation
-fight or flight

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15
Q

more on sympathetic divisions

A

-dilates pupil
-inhibits salivary gland
-relaxes bronchi
-accelerates heart
-inhibits activity of stomach/intestines
-inhibits activity of pancreas
-stimulates glucose release form liver
-inhibits galbladder
-stimulates adrenal medulla
-inhibits emptying go bladder
-promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions

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16
Q

parasympathetic divison

A

-throwing up after running because this system tells the digestive system to clear out to put blood where it’s needed more
-antagonistic effects on organs
-promotes calming and return to “rest and digest” functions

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17
Q

more on parasympathetic divison

A

-constricts pupil
-stimulates salivary gland
-constrictes bronchi in lungs
-slows heart
-stimulates activity of stomach and intestines
-stimulates gallbladder
-promotes emptying of bladder
-promotes erection

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18
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

-fills hollow parts of brain (ventricles) and central canal of spinal cord
-filtered from blood
-cushions brain and spinal cord
-provides nutrients
-removes waste

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19
Q

afferent neurons

A

-transmit info to CNS
-interal/external stimuli> sensory receptors> afferent neurons> CNS

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20
Q

efferent neurons

A

-transmit info away from CNS
-CNS> efferent neurons> EITHER autonomic nervous system or motor system
-if goes to autonomic system then >sympathetic, parasympathetic , or energetic divisions
-if goes to motor system> control of skeletal muscle

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21
Q

enteric divisions

A

-controls activity of digestive tract, pancreas and gall bladder

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22
Q

forebrain

A

-telencephalon (cerebrum)
-diencephalon( thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

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23
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon (midbrain)

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24
Q

hindbrain

A

metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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25
reticular formation
-network of neurons at core of brainsrain --regulates amount/type of info that reaches cerebral cortex -affects alertness
26
biological clock
-molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression -typically synchronized with light/dark cycles -what mammalian circadian rhythm relies on
27
circadian rhythm
-coordinated group of neurons in hypothalamus called suprachiasmatic nucleus (in mammals), can act as pacemaker (synchronizing biological clock)
28
limbic system
-motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory
29
emotions
-involve: amygdala, hippocampus, and part of thalamus (limbic system) (helps support aroma therapy because they are linked w/ one another) -
30
amygdala
-structure most important to the storage of emotion in the memory -mass of nuclei near base of cerebrum
31
cerebrum
-control arousal and sleep -largest structure in brain -awarness, language, cognition, memory, and consciousness -4 regions: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital)
32
cerebral cortex
-outer layer of cerebrum -receives input from sensory organs and somatosensory receptors
33
hippocampus
-longterm memory formation -memory retrieval
34
hypothalamus
helps manage your body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep.
35
thalamus
directs diff. types of input to distinct locations
36
frontal lobe
-damage may cause issues in executive functions, impair decision making and emotion responses -reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language -Broca's area -prefrontal cortex:
37
primary motor cortex
-precentral gyrus of frontal lobe -responsible for processing movements -strip running along the side of the brain is in charge of voluntary movements like waving goodbye -neurons are arranged according to part of body that gernates input or receives commands
38
prefrontal cortex
decision making and planning in actions/movements -where integrated sensory info. passes through -"rational part"
39
Brocas area
-actiavted when speech is generated
40
temporal lobe
-auditory cortex -short-term memory, speech, musical rhythm and some degree of smell recognition -where wernicke's area is located
41
wernickes area
-comprehending language -activated when speech is heard
42
parietal lobe
involved in processing information from the body’s senses -contains the somatosensory cortex, which is essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.
43
somatosensory receptors
-provide info about touch, pain, pressure, temp, and position of muscles/limbs -in parietal lobe
44
primary somatosensory cortex
-postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe -responsible for processing sensations -neurons are arranged according to part of body that gernates input or receives commands
45
occipital lobe
-visual cortex -procecess visual stimuli and pattern recognition
46
brain stem
-control arousal and sleep -core has reticular formation
47
left hemisphere
-more adept at language, math, logic, and processing of serial sequences
48
right hemisphere
-stronger at pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking, emotional processing
49
laterialization
-differences in hemisphere function -partly linked to handedness -2 hemispheres work together by communicating through fibers of corpus callous
50
neural plasticity
-ability of nervous system to be modified after birth -changes can strengthen/weaken signaling at synapse
51
short term memory
-accessed via hippocampus
52
long term memory
-hippocampus plays a role in forming but It stored in cerebral cortex
53
long term potentiation
-form of learning -involves an increase in the strength of synaptic transmission -involves glutamate receptors
54
nervous system disorders
schizophrenia, depression, drug addiction, alzhemiers, Parkinson's -environemntal and genetic contributions
55
schizophrenia
- 1% of pop. -halluncinations, delusions, and other symptoms -treatment: dopamine
56
can change receptors can change response by synapse by changing ion channels
57
stem cells
-play essential role in learning and memory
58
depression
-major depressive disorder: persistent lack of interest/pleasure in most activities -bipolar disorder: manic and depressive phases -treatment: Prozac, SSRIs
59
Alzhemiers
-mental deterioration -confusion and memory loss -caused by formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in brain -no cure
60
parkinsons
motor disorder -cause by death of dopamine secreting neurons in midbrains
61
drug addiction
-triggers positive feed back -complusion -leads to long-lasting changes in reward circuitry that causes craving for drug
62
simplest animals w/nervous systems (cnidarians)
-have neurons arranged in nets
63
cephalization
-clustering of sensory organs at front end of body -exhibited by bilaterally symmetrical animals
64
nerves system organization usually correlates with life style
65
pineal gland
-releases melatonin -plays a role in bird/mammal sleep cycles
66
sleep
may play a role in consolidation of learning and memory -important to sleep at least a little bit if pulling an all nighter -cycles are example circadian rhythms

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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