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Biology 2 > Ch.33 > Flashcards

Ch.33 Flashcards

1
Q

invertebrates

A

animals that lack a back bone
-account for 95% of known animal species
-morphologically diverse
-all but one phylum are invertebrates

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2
Q

clade

A

groups organisms believed to have evolved from the same ancestor

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3
Q

Phylums

A

Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminths
Rotifera
Lophophorates
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Anthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata

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4
Q

Porifera (Phylum 1)

A

-sponges
-lack true tissues
-have choanocytes

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5
Q

Sponge

A

-sedentary
-live in marine and fresh water
-suspension feeders (capturing food in water and pass through body, drawn through spongocoel and out osculum)
-lack true tissues/organs
-hermaphodites

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6
Q

amoebocytes

A

found in mesohyl and play roles in digestion and structure in sponges

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7
Q

mesohyl

A

-gelatinous noncellular layer between 2 cell layers
-in sponge

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8
Q

Choanocytes

A

-flagellated collar cells
-generate water current through sponge and ingest suspended food

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9
Q

**Cnidaria **

Phylum 2

A

-one of oldest group in this clade (Eumetazoa, with true tissues)
-hydras
-jellies
-sea anemones
-corals
-radially symmetrical (diploblastic)
-unique stinging structures (nematocysts)
-housed in cnidocytes
-gastrovascular cavity w/ single opening
-carnivores
-4 major classes : Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa

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10
Q

medusa

A

bell-shaped body w/ its mouth on the underside

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11
Q

cnidocytes

A

-unique cells that function in defense/capture of prey
-on tentacles

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12
Q

polyp`

A

adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body

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13
Q

nematocytes

A

specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

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14
Q

hydrozoans (class of Cnidarians)

A

-alternate between polyp and medusa forms
-hydra: freshwater cnidarians, only in polyp form, asexual by budding
-hydra: in salt water too
-kinda look like a plant

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15
Q

Anthozoans (class of Cnidarians)

A

-corals (form symbioses w/ algae, secrete hard external skeleton)
-sea anemones
-occur only as polyps

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16
Q

cubozoans (class of Cnidarians)

A

-box jellies, sea wasps
-have highly toxic cnidocytes

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17
Q

scyphozoans

(class of Cnidarians)

A
  • true jellies(medusae)
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18
Q

Lophotrochozoa

clade

A

-clade consist of phylums:
platyhelminths (flatworms)
rotifera
lophophorates
Mollusca
annelida

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19
Q

Platyhelminths

phylum 3

A

-plylum
-flat worms
-live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
-unsegmented acoelomates (no body cavities)
-dorsoventrally flattened
-gastrovasuar cavity or no digestive tract

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20
Q

Flatworm

A

-divided into 2 lineages (catenulida (chain worms) and rhabditophora)
-platyhelminthes
-undergo triploblastic development
-acoelomates
-protonephridia

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21
Q

protonephridia

A

regulate osmotic balance

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22
Q

planarians

A

best known rhabditophorans
-live in fresh water
-prey on smaller animals
-light sensitive eyespots
-centralized nerve nets
-hermaphodites (sexually, asexual, fission)
-nervous system more complex than nerve nets in cnidarians

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23
Q

2 parasitic rhabditophorans (platyhelminths)

A

-trematodes: complex life cycles, alternate between sexual/asexual, produce proteins that manipulate host’s immune system, live in snail hosts (ones that parasitize humans)
-tapeworms (cestode, type of flatworm)

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24
Q

tapeworm

A

parasites of vertebrates
-lack digestive system
-absorb nutrients from host’s intestine
-sexual reproduction, leaves hosts in feces
-scolex contains suckers/hoods for attachment

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25
**Rotifera** | phylum 4
-phylum - Rotifers: tiny animals in fresh water, ocean, damp soil -smalller than protists - truly multicellular -specialized organ systems -have alimentary canal (digestive tube) -reproduce by parthenogenesis (females produces offspring from unfertilized eggs -pseudocoelomates -jaws in pharynx, -head with ciliated crown
26
**Lophophorates** | phylum 5
-phylum -have lophophore (feeding strcuture bearing ciliated tentacles) -include 2 phyla: Ectoprocta and brachiopod -coelomates
27
**Ectoprocta**
-bryozoans -sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants
28
brachiopods
resemble clams and hinged shell mollucs -marine and attach to seafloor
29
**Mollusca** | phylum 6
-snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses and squids -most are marine, some in freshwater or terrestrial - 4 classes: polyplacophora, Gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopod - coelomates w/ 3 main body parts - coelum reduced - most have hard shells
30
molluscs
-soft bodied animals protected by hardshell -muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle -many have mantle cavity and feed using radula -seperate sexes -include larval stage (trochophore) -snails are hermaphrodites - 4 classes: polyplacophora, Gastropoda, bivalvia, cephaolopods
31
polyplachophora
-class part of Mollusca phylum -chitons(other name ) - (oval shaped marine encased in eight dorsal plates -use foot as suction cup to move
32
gastropods
-class part of mullusca phylum snails and slugs - about 3 quarter of living species of mollusks are gastropods -most are marine, some freshwater or terrestial -torsion (anus and mantle end up above its head) -most have single spiraled shell -slugs lack shell or have reduced shell
33
bivalves
-class from mullusca phylum -marine -clams, oysters, mussels,scallops -shelll divided by 2 halves drawn together by adductor muscles -most have eyes and sensory tentacles on edge of mantle -mantle cavity contain gills for feeding and gas exchange
34
cephalopods
-class from mullusca phylum -carnivores with beaklike jaws surrounded by tentacles -squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, chambered nautiluses -closed circulatory system -well-developed sense organs -complex brain
35
**Annelida** | phylum 7
-annelids: bodies comprised of fused rings -2 groups- Polychaeta and ogliochaetes -coelomates w/ segemneted body wall and internal organs
36
ogliochaetes | class 1 of annelids
-sparse chaetae (bristles made chiton)
37
polychaetes | class 2 of annelids
-paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion -most are marine
38
earthworms
-eat soil (extracting nutrients) -hermaphrodites but cross ferilize -some reproduce asexually by fragmentation -part of Annelid phylum
39
ammonites
-shelled cephalopods -were common but went extinct in the Cretaceous 65.5 million years ago
40
leeches
-most live in freshwater, some in Marine or terrestrial -predators of intervebrates and parasites that suck blood -secrete chemical (hirudin) to prevent blood from coagulating
41
***ecydsozoa***
clade that includes phylums: nematode and arthropoda -covered by tough coat (cuticle) -sheds/molted through ecdysis
42
**Nematoda** | phylum 8
-roundworms -cylindrical -unsegmented pseudocoelomates w/ tapered ends, no circulatory system, undergo ecdysis
43
nematodes
-roundworms -found in aquatic, soil, moist tissues of plants, body fluids tissue of animals -alimentary canal -ususally sexual by internal fertilization
44
**Arthopoda** | phylum 9
-crustacaens, insects, spiders -coelomates w/ segmented body, jointed appendages, exoskeleton made of protein and chitin -4 classes: chelicerates, myriapods, hexapods, crustaceans
45
arthropods
-body plan dates back to Cambrian explosion -appendages are modified for walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproducing, and defense -body covered by cuticle -exoskelton made of layers of protein and polysaccharide chain -as it grows, molts exoskeleton -have eyes, olfactory receptions , and antennae -open circulatory system (hemolymph circulated in to space surrounding tissues/organs) -low metabolic rate
46
arachnids
-spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites -have abdomen and cephlathroax, -gas exchange in spiders occur in their booklungs -spiders produce silk
47
cheliacerates | class 1 of arthopods
-named for clawlike feeding appendages (chelicerae) -earliest were eurypterids (water scorpions) -most are extinct -horseshoe crabs still alive -most modern chelicerform: arachnids
48
myriapods | class2 of arthopods
-millipedes: eat decaying leaves/plant matter, many legs, 2 pairs per trunk segment -centipedes: carnivores, one pair per trunk segment -terrestial -have mandibles
49
hexapods (insects) | class 3 of arthopods
-insects: include several complex organ systems -terrestial and freshwater -incomplete metamorphosis: young resemble adults but are smaller and go through many molts -complete morphosis: larval stage look different than adult (caterpillar->butterfly)
50
crustaceans | class 4 of arthopods
-most in marine and freshwater -branched appendages for feeding and locomotion -small C exchange gases through cuticle -larger C have gills -most have seperate sexs
51
isopods | order of crustaseans
- order of crustaceans -terrestial, freshwater and marine crustaceans -pill bugs
52
decapods | order of crustaseans
-relatively large crustaceans -lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp
53
copepods | order of crustaseans
-most numerous of all animals -planktonic crustaceans (small)
54
***deuterosomia*** | clade
-phylums are echinoderms and chordates -defined primarily by DNA similarities -share developmental characteristics
55
**echinodermata** | phylum 10
-sea stars and sea urchins -coelomates w. bilaterally symmetrical larvae, 5 body part organization as adults, endoskeleton
56
echinoderms
-sea stars (starfish) and sea urchins -slow-moving/sessile marine animals -thin epidermis covers endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates -unique water vascular system (hydraulic canals into tube feet -seperate sexes -external sexual reproduction -most adult have radial symmetry in 5 -larave have bilateral symmetry -5 classes: asteroidea, ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Crinoidea, holothuroidea
57
echinoidea | class of echinoderms
sea urchins and sand dollars
58
Crinoidea | class of echinoderms
sea Lillies and weather stars
59
holothuroidea | class of echinoderms
sea cucumber
60
ophiuroidea | class of echinoderms
brittle stars
61
asteroidea | class of echinoderms
-sea stars and sea daises
62
**Chordata ** | phylum 11
-lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates -coelomates w. notochord -dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post anal tail -invertebrates (hagfishes) and vertebrates - bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with segmented bodies -share embryonic developmental features with echinoderms but evolved for at least 500 million years

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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