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Biology 2 > Ch.33 > Flashcards

Ch.33 Flashcards

1
Q

invertebrates

A

animals that lack a back bone
-account for 95% of known animal species
-morphologically diverse
-all but one phylum are invertebrates

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2
Q

clade

A

groups organisms believed to have evolved from the same ancestor

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3
Q

Phylums

A

Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminths
Rotifera
Lophophorates
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Anthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata

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4
Q

Porifera (Phylum 1)

A

-sponges
-lack true tissues
-have choanocytes

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5
Q

Sponge

A

-sedentary
-live in marine and fresh water
-suspension feeders (capturing food in water and pass through body, drawn through spongocoel and out osculum)
-lack true tissues/organs
-hermaphodites

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6
Q

amoebocytes

A

found in mesohyl and play roles in digestion and structure in sponges

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7
Q

mesohyl

A

-gelatinous noncellular layer between 2 cell layers
-in sponge

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8
Q

Choanocytes

A

-flagellated collar cells
-generate water current through sponge and ingest suspended food

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9
Q

**Cnidaria **

Phylum 2

A

-one of oldest group in this clade (Eumetazoa, with true tissues)
-hydras
-jellies
-sea anemones
-corals
-radially symmetrical (diploblastic)
-unique stinging structures (nematocysts)
-housed in cnidocytes
-gastrovascular cavity w/ single opening
-carnivores
-4 major classes : Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa

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10
Q

medusa

A

bell-shaped body w/ its mouth on the underside

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11
Q

cnidocytes

A

-unique cells that function in defense/capture of prey
-on tentacles

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12
Q

polyp`

A

adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body

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13
Q

nematocytes

A

specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

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14
Q

hydrozoans (class of Cnidarians)

A

-alternate between polyp and medusa forms
-hydra: freshwater cnidarians, only in polyp form, asexual by budding
-hydra: in salt water too
-kinda look like a plant

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15
Q

Anthozoans (class of Cnidarians)

A

-corals (form symbioses w/ algae, secrete hard external skeleton)
-sea anemones
-occur only as polyps

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16
Q

cubozoans (class of Cnidarians)

A

-box jellies, sea wasps
-have highly toxic cnidocytes

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17
Q

scyphozoans

(class of Cnidarians)

A
  • true jellies(medusae)
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18
Q

Lophotrochozoa

clade

A

-clade consist of phylums:
platyhelminths (flatworms)
rotifera
lophophorates
Mollusca
annelida

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19
Q

Platyhelminths

phylum 3

A

-plylum
-flat worms
-live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
-unsegmented acoelomates (no body cavities)
-dorsoventrally flattened
-gastrovasuar cavity or no digestive tract

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20
Q

Flatworm

A

-divided into 2 lineages (catenulida (chain worms) and rhabditophora)
-platyhelminthes
-undergo triploblastic development
-acoelomates
-protonephridia

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21
Q

protonephridia

A

regulate osmotic balance

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22
Q

planarians

A

best known rhabditophorans
-live in fresh water
-prey on smaller animals
-light sensitive eyespots
-centralized nerve nets
-hermaphodites (sexually, asexual, fission)
-nervous system more complex than nerve nets in cnidarians

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23
Q

2 parasitic rhabditophorans (platyhelminths)

A

-trematodes: complex life cycles, alternate between sexual/asexual, produce proteins that manipulate host’s immune system, live in snail hosts (ones that parasitize humans)
-tapeworms (cestode, type of flatworm)

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24
Q

tapeworm

A

parasites of vertebrates
-lack digestive system
-absorb nutrients from host’s intestine
-sexual reproduction, leaves hosts in feces
-scolex contains suckers/hoods for attachment

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25
Q

Rotifera

phylum 4

A

-phylum
- Rotifers: tiny animals in fresh water, ocean, damp soil
-smalller than protists
- truly multicellular
-specialized organ systems
-have alimentary canal (digestive tube)
-reproduce by parthenogenesis (females produces offspring from unfertilized eggs
-pseudocoelomates
-jaws in pharynx,
-head with ciliated crown

26
Q

Lophophorates

phylum 5

A

-phylum
-have lophophore (feeding strcuture bearing ciliated tentacles)
-include 2 phyla: Ectoprocta and brachiopod
-coelomates

27
Q

Ectoprocta

A

-bryozoans
-sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants

28
Q

brachiopods

A

resemble clams and hinged shell mollucs
-marine and attach to seafloor

29
Q

Mollusca

phylum 6

A

-snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses and squids
-most are marine, some in freshwater or terrestrial
- 4 classes: polyplacophora, Gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopod
- coelomates w/ 3 main body parts
- coelum reduced
- most have hard shells

30
Q

molluscs

A

-soft bodied animals protected by hardshell
-muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle
-many have mantle cavity and feed using radula
-seperate sexes
-include larval stage (trochophore)
-snails are hermaphrodites
- 4 classes: polyplacophora, Gastropoda, bivalvia, cephaolopods

31
Q

polyplachophora

A

-class part of Mollusca phylum
-chitons(other name )
- (oval shaped marine encased in eight dorsal plates
-use foot as suction cup to move

32
Q

gastropods

A

-class part of mullusca phylum
snails and slugs
- about 3 quarter of living species of mollusks are gastropods
-most are marine, some freshwater or terrestial
-torsion (anus and mantle end up above its head)
-most have single spiraled shell
-slugs lack shell or have reduced shell

33
Q

bivalves

A

-class from mullusca phylum
-marine
-clams, oysters, mussels,scallops
-shelll divided by 2 halves drawn together by adductor muscles
-most have eyes and sensory tentacles on edge of mantle
-mantle cavity contain gills for feeding and gas exchange

34
Q

cephalopods

A

-class from mullusca phylum
-carnivores with beaklike jaws surrounded by tentacles
-squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, chambered nautiluses
-closed circulatory system
-well-developed sense organs
-complex brain

35
Q

Annelida

phylum 7

A

-annelids: bodies comprised of fused rings
-2 groups- Polychaeta and ogliochaetes
-coelomates w/ segemneted body wall and internal organs

36
Q

ogliochaetes

class 1 of annelids

A

-sparse chaetae (bristles made chiton)

37
Q

polychaetes

class 2 of annelids

A

-paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion
-most are marine

38
Q

earthworms

A

-eat soil (extracting nutrients)
-hermaphrodites but cross ferilize
-some reproduce asexually by fragmentation
-part of Annelid phylum

39
Q

ammonites

A

-shelled cephalopods
-were common but went extinct in the Cretaceous 65.5 million years ago

40
Q

leeches

A

-most live in freshwater, some in Marine or terrestrial
-predators of intervebrates and parasites that suck blood
-secrete chemical (hirudin) to prevent blood from coagulating

41
Q

ecydsozoa

A

clade that includes phylums: nematode and arthropoda
-covered by tough coat (cuticle)
-sheds/molted through ecdysis

42
Q

Nematoda

phylum 8

A

-roundworms
-cylindrical
-unsegmented pseudocoelomates w/ tapered ends, no circulatory system, undergo ecdysis

43
Q

nematodes

A

-roundworms
-found in aquatic, soil, moist tissues of plants, body fluids tissue of animals
-alimentary canal
-ususally sexual by internal fertilization

44
Q

Arthopoda

phylum 9

A

-crustacaens, insects, spiders
-coelomates w/ segmented body, jointed appendages, exoskeleton made of protein and chitin
-4 classes: chelicerates, myriapods, hexapods, crustaceans

45
Q

arthropods

A

-body plan dates back to Cambrian explosion
-appendages are modified for walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproducing, and defense
-body covered by cuticle
-exoskelton made of layers of protein and polysaccharide chain
-as it grows, molts exoskeleton
-have eyes, olfactory receptions , and antennae
-open circulatory system (hemolymph circulated in to space surrounding tissues/organs) -low metabolic rate

46
Q

arachnids

A

-spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
-have abdomen and cephlathroax,
-gas exchange in spiders occur in their booklungs
-spiders produce silk

47
Q

cheliacerates

class 1 of arthopods

A

-named for clawlike feeding appendages (chelicerae)
-earliest were eurypterids (water scorpions)
-most are extinct
-horseshoe crabs still alive
-most modern chelicerform: arachnids

48
Q

myriapods

class2 of arthopods

A

-millipedes: eat decaying leaves/plant matter, many legs, 2 pairs per trunk segment
-centipedes: carnivores, one pair per trunk segment
-terrestial
-have mandibles

49
Q

hexapods (insects)

class 3 of arthopods

A

-insects: include several complex organ systems
-terrestial and freshwater
-incomplete metamorphosis: young resemble adults but are smaller and go through many molts
-complete morphosis: larval stage look different than adult (caterpillar->butterfly)

50
Q

crustaceans

class 4 of arthopods

A

-most in marine and freshwater
-branched appendages for feeding and locomotion
-small C exchange gases through cuticle
-larger C have gills
-most have seperate sexs

51
Q

isopods

order of crustaseans

A
  • order of crustaceans
    -terrestial, freshwater and marine crustaceans
    -pill bugs
52
Q

decapods

order of crustaseans

A

-relatively large crustaceans
-lobsters, crabs, crayfish, shrimp

53
Q

copepods

order of crustaseans

A

-most numerous of all animals
-planktonic crustaceans (small)

54
Q

deuterosomia

clade

A

-phylums are echinoderms and chordates
-defined primarily by DNA similarities
-share developmental characteristics

55
Q

echinodermata

phylum 10

A

-sea stars and sea urchins
-coelomates w. bilaterally symmetrical larvae, 5 body part organization as adults, endoskeleton

56
Q

echinoderms

A

-sea stars (starfish) and sea urchins
-slow-moving/sessile marine animals
-thin epidermis covers endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
-unique water vascular system (hydraulic canals into tube feet
-seperate sexes
-external sexual reproduction
-most adult have radial symmetry in 5
-larave have bilateral symmetry
-5 classes: asteroidea, ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Crinoidea, holothuroidea

57
Q

echinoidea

class of echinoderms

A

sea urchins and sand dollars

58
Q

Crinoidea

class of echinoderms

A

sea Lillies and weather stars

59
Q

holothuroidea

class of echinoderms

A

sea cucumber

60
Q

ophiuroidea

class of echinoderms

A

brittle stars

61
Q

asteroidea

class of echinoderms

A

-sea stars and sea daises

62
Q

**Chordata **

phylum 11

A

-lancelets, tunicates, vertebrates
-coelomates w. notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post anal tail
-invertebrates (hagfishes) and vertebrates
- bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with segmented bodies
-share embryonic developmental features with echinoderms but evolved for at least 500 million years

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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