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Biology 2 > Ch 45 > Flashcards

Ch 45 Flashcards

1
Q

hormones

A

-chemical signals secreted into circulatory system
-communicate regulatory messages within body
-only target cells w/ receptors for that hormone
-assembled into regulatory pathways
-can stimulate release of a series of other hormones (last activates nonendocinr target cell: hormone cascade pathway)
-syntehis of sex hormones regulated by FSH and LH

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2
Q

2 systems coordinate communication between body

A

-endocrine
-nervous

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3
Q

endocrine system

A

-secrtes hormones that coordinate slower but longer acting repsonses in reproduction, development, energy metabolism, growth and behavior

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4
Q

nervous system

A

-conveys high speed electrical signals along neurons (which regulate other cells)

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5
Q

intercellular communication

A

ways signals are transferred between cells are classified by 2 criteria:
-type of secreting cell
-route taken by signal to reach target

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6
Q

endocrine signaling

A

-maintains homeostasis
-mediates responses to stimuli
-regulates growth and developmentn
-hormones secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells reach target via blood stream

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7
Q

neurotransmitters

A

-secerted by neuron at synapse
-diffuse short distances
-bind to receptors on target cells

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8
Q

neurohormones

A

-in neuroendocrine signaling
-secreted by neuroscretory cells
-travel to target via bloodstream

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9
Q

pheromones

A

-how members of same species may communicate
-chemicals released into environ.
-functions:
-mark trails leading to food
-define territory
-warn predators
-attract mates

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10
Q

endocrine gland

A

-thyroid, thalamus, parathyroid, adrenal gland, pituritary
-where endocrine cells are grouped in ductless organs
-secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid
-contrast w/ exocrine (diff. system, salivary glands, liver) which has ducts and secrete onto body surfaces or cavities

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11
Q

chemical class of hormones

A

-polypeptides (proteins and peptides); water soluble
-amines derived from amino acids (water soluble)
-steroid (lipid soluble)
-solubility depends on location of receptors inside or on surface of target cells.
-water and lipid soluble differ in paths

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12
Q

water soluble hormones

A

-don’t pass easily through membrane
-secreted by exocytosis
-travel freely in bloodstream
-bind to cell-surface receptors

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13
Q

lipid soluble hormones

A

-pass easily through cell membrane
-diffuse across cell membranes
-travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins
-diffuse through the membrane of target cells
-response usually change in gene expression

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14
Q

signal transduction pathway

A

-initated by binding of hormone to its receptor
-leads to responses in cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or change in gene expression

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15
Q

epinephrine

A

-many effects in mediating body response to short term stress
-binds to plasma membrane of liver cells
-triggers release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes (result in release of glucose in blood stream)

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16
Q

effects of hormones

A

-depends on type of receptor (diff. effect from diff. receptor)
-different signal transduction pathways

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17
Q

in insects, molting and development controlled by combination of hormones

A

PTTH stimulus release of ecdysteroid from prothiacuc galnds
-juvenil hormone initiates larval characteristics
-ecdysone promotes (w/ juvenile hormone) molting and development (in absence of juvenile hormone)

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18
Q

negative feedback loop

A

Inhibits response by reducing initial stimulus
-which prevents excessive pathway activity

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19
Q

positive feedback loop

A

Reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response

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20
Q

insulin and glucagon (antagonistic hormones)

A

insulin: decreases blood glucose
-glucagon: increases blood glucose

21
Q

diabetes mellitus

A
  • best known endocrine disorder
    -caused by a deficiency of insulin or decrease response to insulin
    -elevated blood glucose levels
    -type 1: insulin dependent, immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells
    -type 2: non-insulin dependent, insulin deficiency or reduced response due to change of insulin receptors
22
Q

hypothalamus

A

-receives info from nervous system initiates responses through endocrine system
-produces oxytocin and ADH

23
Q

pituitary gland

A

-attached to the hypothalamus
-anterior/posterior

24
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

-makes and releases hormones under regulation of hypothalamus
-FSH: tetses and ovaries
-LH:
-TSH: thyroid
-ACTH: adrenal cortex
-Prolactin: mammary glands
-MSH: melanocytes
-GH: liver, bones, other tissues

25
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

-stores and secretes hormones made in hypothalamus
-releases oxytocin and ADH act directly on non endocrine tissues (made from hypothalamus)

26
Q

antiderietic hormone (ADH)

A
27
Q

hypothryoidism

A

-too little thyroid function
-sysmptoms: weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance
-set point is higher and trying to catch
-dont have enough hormone to create heat to deal with cold

28
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

excessive production of thyroid hormone
-symptoms: high temp., sweating, weight loss, irritability, high BP

29
Q

malnutrition and evolution

A

mal.: can alter function of thyroid
-thyroid hormone plays role in metabolism but in frogs stimulates reabsorption of tadpole tail during metamorphosis

30
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

-regulates skin color in amphibians, fish, reptiles by controlling pigment distribution in melanocytes
-mammals: plays role in hunger and metabolism, along w/ coloration

31
Q

2 antagonistic hormone regulate homeostasis of calcium

A

-parathyroid hormone
-calcitonin
-regulate homeostasis of calcium in blood of mammals

32
Q

keep Calcium level in blood regular

A

-important for nervous and muscle system
-nervous: primes vesicles so that they can bind to the presynaptic side
-skeletal muscles to contract

33
Q

PTH

A

released by parathyroid gland
-increase his level of blood calcium

34
Q

Calcitonin

A

-released by thyroid gland
-decreases level of blood calcium

35
Q

adrenal gland

A

-consists of adrenal medulla(inner portion, secretes epinephrine and noepinephrine )and adrenal cortex (outer)

36
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

-catacholamines
-trigger release of glucose and fatty acids
-increase O delivery to body cells
-direct blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles and away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys
-secreted in response to stress activated impulses in NS
-mediate flight or fight response
-response to involuntary nerve signals
-increase BP and HR and metabolic rate

37
Q

pancreas

A

-release of acidic contents from stomach into the duodenum stimulates the secretion of secretin
-this causes target cells in pancreas to raise pH of duodenum
-has pancreatic islets w/ alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin

38
Q

simple neuroendocrine pathway

A

Stimulus is received by sensory neuron which stimulates a neurosecretory cell

39
Q

step for low blood sugar (skipping meal)

A

-blood glucose falls
-alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon in blood
-liver breakdown glycogen and releases glucose in blood
-blood glucose rises

40
Q

steps for high blood sugar (too much sugar/carbs)

A

-blood glucose rises
-beta cells in pancreas release insulin in blood
-pathway splits 2 ways:
-liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen
-body cells take up more glucose
-blood glucose declines

41
Q

insulin reduces blood glucose levels by

A

-promoting the cellular uptake of glucose
-slowing glycogen break down in liver
-promoting fat storage, not break down

42
Q

glucagon increases blood glucose by

A

Stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver
-stimulating breakdown of fat and protein in to glucose

43
Q

oxytocin

A

Regulates milk secretion by mammary glands

44
Q

prolactin

A

-role in milk production
-secrted by anterior pituitary gland
-triggered by prolactin releaseing hormone from hypothalamus

45
Q

example of hormone cascade pathway

A

-release of thyroid hormone involves a cascade pathway from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid gland
-typically involves neg. feedback

46
Q

endocrine signaling

A

-regulates homeostasis, development and behavior

47
Q

testes`

A

synthesizes androgens, mainly testosterone (causes increase in muscle and bone mass, stimulates developent)

48
Q

estrogens

A

-estradiol
-maintenence of F reproductive system,
-development of F 2nd sex characteristics
-progetins: progesterone (prepares/maitains uterus)

49
Q

things to study

A

-dont learn every hromone
-know difference berween fat/water soluable and types
-that its a cascade
-difference betweem anterior and posterior pituitary
-what makes an true endocrine gland:
-

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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