Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 2 > Ch 45 > Flashcards

Ch 45 Flashcards

(49 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

hormones

A

-chemical signals secreted into circulatory system
-communicate regulatory messages within body
-only target cells w/ receptors for that hormone
-assembled into regulatory pathways
-can stimulate release of a series of other hormones (last activates nonendocinr target cell: hormone cascade pathway)
-syntehis of sex hormones regulated by FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 systems coordinate communication between body

A

-endocrine
-nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

endocrine system

A

-secrtes hormones that coordinate slower but longer acting repsonses in reproduction, development, energy metabolism, growth and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nervous system

A

-conveys high speed electrical signals along neurons (which regulate other cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

intercellular communication

A

ways signals are transferred between cells are classified by 2 criteria:
-type of secreting cell
-route taken by signal to reach target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endocrine signaling

A

-maintains homeostasis
-mediates responses to stimuli
-regulates growth and developmentn
-hormones secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells reach target via blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

neurotransmitters

A

-secerted by neuron at synapse
-diffuse short distances
-bind to receptors on target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

neurohormones

A

-in neuroendocrine signaling
-secreted by neuroscretory cells
-travel to target via bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pheromones

A

-how members of same species may communicate
-chemicals released into environ.
-functions:
-mark trails leading to food
-define territory
-warn predators
-attract mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

endocrine gland

A

-thyroid, thalamus, parathyroid, adrenal gland, pituritary
-where endocrine cells are grouped in ductless organs
-secrete hormones directly into surrounding fluid
-contrast w/ exocrine (diff. system, salivary glands, liver) which has ducts and secrete onto body surfaces or cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chemical class of hormones

A

-polypeptides (proteins and peptides); water soluble
-amines derived from amino acids (water soluble)
-steroid (lipid soluble)
-solubility depends on location of receptors inside or on surface of target cells.
-water and lipid soluble differ in paths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

water soluble hormones

A

-don’t pass easily through membrane
-secreted by exocytosis
-travel freely in bloodstream
-bind to cell-surface receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lipid soluble hormones

A

-pass easily through cell membrane
-diffuse across cell membranes
-travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins
-diffuse through the membrane of target cells
-response usually change in gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

signal transduction pathway

A

-initated by binding of hormone to its receptor
-leads to responses in cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or change in gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

epinephrine

A

-many effects in mediating body response to short term stress
-binds to plasma membrane of liver cells
-triggers release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes (result in release of glucose in blood stream)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

effects of hormones

A

-depends on type of receptor (diff. effect from diff. receptor)
-different signal transduction pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in insects, molting and development controlled by combination of hormones

A

PTTH stimulus release of ecdysteroid from prothiacuc galnds
-juvenil hormone initiates larval characteristics
-ecdysone promotes (w/ juvenile hormone) molting and development (in absence of juvenile hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

negative feedback loop

A

Inhibits response by reducing initial stimulus
-which prevents excessive pathway activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

positive feedback loop

A

Reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

insulin and glucagon (antagonistic hormones)

Study These Flashcards
A

insulin: decreases blood glucose
-glucagon: increases blood glucose

21
Q

diabetes mellitus

Study These Flashcards
A
  • best known endocrine disorder
    -caused by a deficiency of insulin or decrease response to insulin
    -elevated blood glucose levels
    -type 1: insulin dependent, immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells
    -type 2: non-insulin dependent, insulin deficiency or reduced response due to change of insulin receptors
22
Q

hypothalamus

Study These Flashcards
A

-receives info from nervous system initiates responses through endocrine system
-produces oxytocin and ADH

23
Q

pituitary gland

Study These Flashcards
A

-attached to the hypothalamus
-anterior/posterior

24
Q

anterior pituitary gland

Study These Flashcards
A

-makes and releases hormones under regulation of hypothalamus
-FSH: tetses and ovaries
-LH:
-TSH: thyroid
-ACTH: adrenal cortex
-Prolactin: mammary glands
-MSH: melanocytes
-GH: liver, bones, other tissues

25
posterior pituitary gland
-stores and secretes hormones made in hypothalamus -releases oxytocin and ADH act directly on non endocrine tissues (made from hypothalamus)
26
antiderietic hormone (ADH)
-regulates physiology and behavior -
27
hypothryoidism
-too little thyroid function -sysmptoms: weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance -set point is higher and trying to catch -dont have enough hormone to create heat to deal with cold
28
hyperthyroidism
excessive production of thyroid hormone -symptoms: high temp., sweating, weight loss, irritability, high BP
29
malnutrition and evolution
mal.: can alter function of thyroid -thyroid hormone plays role in metabolism but in frogs stimulates reabsorption of tadpole tail during metamorphosis
30
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
-regulates skin color in amphibians, fish, reptiles by controlling pigment distribution in melanocytes -mammals: plays role in hunger and metabolism, along w/ coloration
31
2 antagonistic hormone regulate homeostasis of calcium
-parathyroid hormone -calcitonin -regulate homeostasis of calcium in blood of mammals
32
keep Calcium level in blood regular
-important for nervous and muscle system -nervous: primes vesicles so that they can bind to the presynaptic side -skeletal muscles to contract
33
PTH
released by parathyroid gland -increase his level of blood calcium
34
Calcitonin
-released by thyroid gland -decreases level of blood calcium
35
adrenal gland
-consists of adrenal medulla(inner portion, secretes epinephrine and noepinephrine )and adrenal cortex (outer)
36
epinephrine and norepinephrine
-catacholamines -trigger release of glucose and fatty acids -increase O delivery to body cells -direct blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles and away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys -secreted in response to stress activated impulses in NS -mediate flight or fight response -response to involuntary nerve signals -increase BP and HR and metabolic rate
37
pancreas
-release of acidic contents from stomach into the duodenum stimulates the secretion of secretin -this causes target cells in pancreas to raise pH of duodenum -has pancreatic islets w/ alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin
38
simple neuroendocrine pathway
Stimulus is received by sensory neuron which stimulates a neurosecretory cell
39
step for low blood sugar (skipping meal)
-blood glucose falls -alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon in blood -liver breakdown glycogen and releases glucose in blood -blood glucose rises
40
steps for high blood sugar (too much sugar/carbs)
-blood glucose rises -beta cells in pancreas release insulin in blood -pathway splits 2 ways: -liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen -body cells take up more glucose -blood glucose declines
41
insulin reduces blood glucose levels by
-promoting the cellular uptake of glucose -slowing glycogen break down in liver -promoting fat storage, not break down
42
glucagon increases blood glucose by
Stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver -stimulating breakdown of fat and protein in to glucose
43
oxytocin
Regulates milk secretion by mammary glands
44
prolactin
-role in milk production -secrted by anterior pituitary gland -triggered by prolactin releaseing hormone from hypothalamus
45
example of hormone cascade pathway
-release of thyroid hormone involves a cascade pathway from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid gland -typically involves neg. feedback
46
endocrine signaling
-regulates homeostasis, development and behavior
47
testes`
synthesizes androgens, mainly testosterone (causes increase in muscle and bone mass, stimulates developent)
48
estrogens
-estradiol -maintenence of F reproductive system, -development of F 2nd sex characteristics -progetins: progesterone (prepares/maitains uterus)
49
things to study
-dont learn every hromone -know difference berween fat/water soluable and types -that its a cascade -difference betweem anterior and posterior pituitary -what makes an true endocrine gland: -

Biology 2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions