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Biology 2 > Ch 43 > Flashcards

Ch 43 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogens

A

Agents that cause disease
-infect wide range of animals and humans
-subject to phagocytosis

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2
Q

immune systen

A

recognizes foreign bodies and respond w/ production of cells and proteins

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3
Q

innate immunity

A

-Defense active immediately upon infection
-present before any exposure to pathogens
-effective from birth
-non-specific responses to pathogens
-consists of external barriers, internal cellular, chemical, and barrier defenses
-rapid response
-phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides
-found in all animals and plants
-foundation to adaptive immunity
-natural killer cells
-interferon
-protein and peptides attack pathogens or impede production

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4
Q

adaptive immunity

A

-acquired immunity
–develops after exposure
-very specific response to pathogens
-slower,delayed response
-2 types; humoral and cell-mediated immune response
-includes B and T cells

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5
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme that breaks down bacterial wall
-in digetsive system w. chitin based barrier

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6
Q

phagocytosis

A

Ingestion and digestion of foreign substances including bacteria
-carried out by Hemocytes within hemolymph

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7
Q

defenses unique to vertebrates

A

-natural killer cells, interferons, and inflammatory response

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8
Q

phagocytic cells

A

-neutrophils: engulf and destroy pathogens
-macropahges: found throughout body/ “large eaters”m,o
-dendriticells: stimul.ate development of adaptive immunity
-eosinophils: discharge destructive enzymes
-recognize groups of pathogens by TLRs (toll-like receptors

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9
Q

natural killer cells

A

-circulate body and detect abnormal cells
-release chemical leading to cell death, inhibiting spread

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10
Q

interferon

A

-proteins provide innate defense by interfering w/ viruses and helping activate macrophages

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11
Q

completment system

A

-made up of 30 proteins
-cuases lysis of invading cells
-helps trigger inflammation

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12
Q

inflammatory response

A

-pain and swelling
-brought by molecules released during injury
-local or systemic

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13
Q

mast cells

A

type of connective tissue
-release histamine (triggers blood vessel to dilate and become more permeable)

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14
Q

cytokines

A

-released by macrophages and neutrophils
-signal molecules that enhance immune response

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15
Q

fever

A

-systemic inflammatory response
-triggered by pyrogens released by macrophages and toxins from pathogens

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16
Q

septic shock

A

-life threatening condition
-cause by overwhelming inflammatory response

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17
Q

lymphocytes

A

-what adaptive responses relies on
-type of leukocyte: white blood cells
2 types:
-mature in thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells)
–each lymphocytes specialized to recognize specific type of molecule

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18
Q

T cells and B cells

A

-have receptor proteins that can bind to foreign molecules
-receptors for both are functionally diff.
-T cells find to antigen fragments (bound MHC molecules) displayed on host cell
-T cells: wipe out infected or cancerous cells and direct the immune response by helping B lymphocytes to eliminate invading pathogens
-B cells create antibodies

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19
Q

antigens

A

-substance that can elicit a response from B and T cells

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20
Q

antigen receptors

A

an antibody protein that is not secreted but is anchored to the B-cell membrane.
-B cell receptor: Y shaped, 2 identical heavy chain and light chains (constant region: vary little, variable regions: differ greatly, provide antigen specificity)
-T cell receptor: 2 diff. polypeptide chains ( called alpha and beta)

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21
Q

epitope

A

-small accessible part of antigen that binds to antigen receptor

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22
Q

antibody

A

-do not kill pathogen, just mark it
-neutralization and opsonization
-may bind to toxins in body fluids and prevent from exerting body cells

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23
Q

MHC molecules
(major histocompatibility complex)

A
  • glycoproteins that display antigen fragment on cell surface
    -diff. among genetically nonidentical individuals
    -difference stimulate rejection of tissue grafts and organ transplants
    -success increase if donor and recipient MHC tissue types are well matches
    -immunosuppressive drugs facilitate transplantation
    -lymphocytes in bone marrow transplants may cause donor tissue to reject transplantation
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24
Q

antigen presentation

A

-process where MHC molecules bind and transport antigen fragments to cell surface
-T cell can then bind to both antigen fragment and MHC (necessary for T cell to participate in adaptive immune response)

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25
Q

adaptive immunity 4 major characteristics

A

-diversity of lymphocytes and receptors
-self tolerance( lack of reactivity against an animals own molecules)
-B and T cells proliferate after activation
-Immunological memory

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26
Q

clonal selection

A

-proliferation (increase in #) of lymphocytes

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27
Q

2 types of clones

A

-short lived activated effector cell: act immediately against antigen
-long-lived memory cells: give rise to effector cell if same antigen is encountered again

28
Q

primary immune response

A

-occurs when first exposed to antigen
-creates memory cells w/ high specificity to antigen
-B and T cells give rise to their effector cells
-included in both humoral and cell-mediated responses (adaptive)

29
Q

immunologic memory

A

-responsible for long term protections against diseases (due to either prior infection or vaccination)

30
Q

secondary immune response

A

-subsequent responses after primary response
-memory cells facilitate faster more efficient response
–included in both humoral and cell-mediated responses (adaptive)

31
Q

humoral immune response

A

-antibodies help neutralize/eliminate toxins/pathogens in blood/lymph
-characterized by secretion of antibodies by B cells

32
Q

cell-mediated immune response

A

-specialized T cells destroy affected host cells

33
Q

helper T cells

A

-type of T cell
-triggers both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
-signals initiate production of antibodies that neutralize pathogens and activate T cells that kill infected cells
-activation: antigen receptors bind to antigen and Class II MHC molecules, signals are exchanged , helper T cell is activated, proliferates, and forms clone which then activates appropriate B cells

34
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

-have class I and class II MHC molecules on surface
-Class II: basis upon which antigen presenting cells are recognized

35
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

-effector cells in cell-mediated immune response
-recognzie foreign substance fragments by infected cells and possess an accessory protein that binds to CLaa I MHC molecules
-activted secretes proteins that disrupt membranes of target cells and triggers apoptosis

36
Q

perforin

A

a protein, released by killer cells of the immune system, which destroys targeted cells creating pores on membranes

37
Q

memory B cells and plasma cells

A

-type of B cells
-memory cells: enable secondary response
-plasma cells: secretes antibodies

38
Q

if bitten by snake

A

-remember snake
-so that the right antibody can be injected
-an injection is given to you full of antibodies and they find their way to the venom

39
Q

opsonization

A

-antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria
-creates target for macrophages/neutrophils, triggering phagocytosis

40
Q

activation of complement system and pore formation

A

-gets activated and punches hole in to cell

41
Q

neutralization

A

-antibody bind to viral surface proteins preventing infection of a host

42
Q

B cells can express 5 diff. forms of immunoglobulin

A

-IgD: membrane bound
-IgM: first soluble class produced
-IgG: second soluble classes, most abundant
-IgA and IgE: remaining soluble classes
-immunuglobulin (Ig) gene encodes one chain of B cell receptor

43
Q

active immunity (adaptive immunity)

A

-develops naturally when memory cells form clones in response to infection
-can develop after immunization

44
Q

passive immunity (adaptive immunity)

A

provides immediate short term protection
-conferred naturally when IgG crosses placenta to fetus
-when IgA passes through breast milk
-conferred artificially by injecting antibodies into non immune person

45
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

-prepared from single clone of B cells grown in culture
-Polyclonal antibodies: produced following exposure and products of different clones of plasma cells (each for specific epitope)

46
Q

in blood smear

A
  • to see leukemia , example
    -if antibody sticks to RNA then it will glow (jelly fish protein)
47
Q

antigen on blood cells

A

-can determine whether a person has blood type (A, B, AB, O+, O-)
-transfusion w/ wrong blood leads to destruction of transfused cells

48
Q

HIV

A

-infects helper T cells, loss impairs both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and leads to AIDS
-eludes immune system bc of antigen variation and ability to remain latent in host DNA

49
Q

AIDS-

A

-highly susceptible to opportunistic infection and cancers

50
Q

antigen variation

A

-some pathogens are able to change epitope expression and prevent recognition
-Ex. human influenza

51
Q

latency

A

-when viruses remain in host in an inactive state
-Ex. herpes can be present w/o causing symptoms

52
Q

allergies

A

-hypersensitive (exaggerated) responses to allergens (antigens)
-localized: hay fever (IgE antibodies produced after exposure to allergen attach to receptors of mast cells, next allergen enters bodies it binds to mast cell, which releases histamine leading to allergy symptoms)
-acute: can lead to anaphylactic shock (life threatening reaction, within seconds of exposure)

53
Q

autoimmune disease

A

-immune system loses tolerance for self and turns against certain molecules in body
-Ex. lupus, erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, insu;in-dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis

54
Q

-exercise and stress

A

exercise improves immune system
-stress; disrupts immune system regulation
-sufficient rest is important for immunity

55
Q

immunodeficiency

A

-results from hereditary/developmental defects that prevent proper functioning of innate, humoral, and/or cell-mediated defenses

56
Q

acquired immunodeficiency sydrome

A

-caused by virus
-develops later in life and results from exposure to chemical and biological agents

57
Q

cancer and immunity

A

-frequency of certain cancers increases when adaptive immunity is impaired
-20% of human cancers are caused by viruses
-2006: vaccine released to prevent human papilomavrius (HPV), associated w/ cervical cancer

58
Q

barrier defenses

A

-skin and muscus (traps and removes microbes) membranes in respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts
-saliva, muscus, tears are hostile to microbes
-low pH of skin and digestive system prevents growth of many bacteria

59
Q

cellular innate defenses

A

phagocytosis
-involve lymphatic system

60
Q

pus

A

fluid rich of white blood cells, dead pathogens, cell debris from damaged tissues

61
Q

B cell activation

A

-early step: binding of B cell antigen receptor to antigen
-gives rise to cells that secrete soluble form of protein (antibody or immunoglobulin )
-secreted antibodies are similar to B cells but lack transmembrane regions that anchor receptors to plasma membrane
-involved in activation of humoral immune response (along w/ helper T cells and proteins)
-proliferates and differentiates into memory B cells and plasma cells

62
Q

T cells

A

-each T receptor consists of 2 diff. polypeptide chains (alpha and beta )

63
Q

immune system

A

assembles diverse variety of antigen receptors

64
Q

in lymph nodes

A

-antigen is exposed to a steady stream of lymphcytes until a match is made
-binding of mature lymphocyte and antigen initiates events that activate lymphocyte
-once activated B or T cell undergo several cell divisions

65
Q

antigen antibody complexes

A

may bind to complement protein, triggering cascade of complement protein activation

66
Q

immunization

A

-vaccination
-nonpathogenic form of microbe elicits immune response to immunological memory

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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