Bovine Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

When assessing the cardiovascular system what history is needed?

A

– Presenting sign
– Stage of production

– Past disease
* Pneumonia
* Rumenitis - acidosis

– Management
* Mixing
* Worming
* Altitude – e.g. 1600 meters in Colorado

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2
Q

On exam what subjective view should be noted?

A
  • Undisturbed - then after handling – “provocation test”
  • Condition score
  • Visible oedema
  • inter-mandibular
  • brisket,
  • Posture
  • Respiratory effort
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3
Q

What are non-cardiac system signs of cardiac disease

A
  • Reduce production
  • Exercise intolerance
  • Increased urine output
  • Syncope
  • Poor appetite when failing
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4
Q

What is different dehydration?

A
  • 4-6% loss Normal (PCV 40%)
  • 6-8% - Tenting 2-4 secs (PCV 50%) dry nose, mouth.
  • 8-10% - Tenting 6-10 secs (PCV 55%) cold extremities, ± recumbant.
  • 10-12% - Tenting 20+ secs (PCV 60+%) comatose, shock.
  • 12+% - Death
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5
Q

What can be used to check reginonal temperature?

A
  • Ears
  • feel base + tip of ear to see difference
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6
Q

Why would mucous membrane appear pale?

A
  • Anaemia - deficiencies (iron, copper, cobalt)
  • toxicities (Kale, nitrate/nitrite, molybdenum)
  • blood/protein loss (Haemonchosis, fasciolasis, johnes, sucking lice, PGE, redwater, lepto)
  • Poor perfusion - shock (RDA)
  • heart failure
  • thrombosis
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7
Q

Why would mucous membranes appear red?

A
  • Toxaemia
  • Salmonellosis
  • Pasteurellosis
  • Malignant catarrhal fever
  • Infectious bovine kerato-conjuctivitis
  • Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
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8
Q

What would cause cyanotic mucous membranes?

A
  • Respiratory failure
  • Nitrate/nitrite, metaldehyde poisoning
  • Congenital cardiac abnormalities - calves (heart in neck- ectopic)
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9
Q

What would cause jaundice of the mucous membranes?

A
  • Hepatitis
  • Haemolytic anaemia - babesia
  • Photosensitisation
  • Ragwort, kale, lupin, copper poisoning
  • Post-partum haemoglobinuria
  • Leptospirosis
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10
Q

What would cause haemorrhagic mucous membranes?

A
  • Anthrax
  • Bracken
  • Sweet vernal grass poisoning
  • Copper toxicity (acute)
  • Leptospirosis
  • Mycotoxicosis
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11
Q

Where could you take a pulse of a cow?

A
  • Middle coccygeal - 10cm below anus
  • External maxillary
  • Medial, inside forelimb
  • Caudal auricular
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12
Q

Normal HR for cow /calf?

A
  • Cow = 50-80 (high yielders up to 95)
  • Calves 100-120
  • 120+ suggestive of primary cardiac disease
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13
Q

What is increased amplitude suggestive of?

A
  • Aortic valve incompetence
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14
Q

What is decreased amplitude suggestive of?

A
  • Myocardial weakness
  • Toxaemia
  • Shock
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15
Q

What is normal jugular pulse? What would cause it to be all the way up?

A
  • Normal = up to 1/3 way up
  • All the way:
  • endocarditis
  • pericarditis
  • haemothorax
  • hydrothorax
  • congestive heart failure
  • valvular stenosis
    -sporadic bovine leukosis - thymic form
    -enzootic bovine leukosis - cardiac form
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16
Q

What would cause dark red mucous membranes?

A
  • methaemoglobin - nitrate/nitrite - acute - ingestion of fertiliser or freezing weather and grazing turnips
17
Q

What are different sounds of valvular murmurs?

A
  • Stenosis - rough /harsh
  • Regurgitation / incompetence - softer, prrr
  • Pre-systolic - brr-lub-dup
  • systolic - lub-brr-dup
  • diastolic - lub-dup-brr
18
Q

What are different causes of endocarditis?

A
  • Trueperella pyogenes, Cl. chauvoei, E.coli
  • Mycoplasma - contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
  • Streptococci
  • Staphylococci
  • Mannheimia
19
Q

What are congenital causes of murmurs?

A
  • Ventricular septal defects - most common
  • Patent ductus arteriosus
  • Patent foramen ovale
  • Tetralogy of fallot - VSD, pulmonary stenosis, dextroposed aorta + secondary ventricular hypertrophy
  • Aortic stenosis / persistent right aortic arch - milk regurgitation
20
Q

What can cause murmurs from interference of blood flow / turbulence?

A
  • Anaemia
  • Cardiac - myocardial weakness (septicaemia, nutritional, poisoning, congenital)
  • Extra-cardiac - vagal indigestion
  • diaphragmatic hernia
  • ruminal tympany
  • oesophageal obstruction
21
Q

What can cause pericarditis?

A
  • Organisms similar to Endocarditis
    – plus Haemophilus somnus, Mycobacterium Bovis
  • Traumatic reticulitis
22
Q

What can be done to check for pericarditis?

A
  • Grunt / Eric Williams test
  • Bar (xiphisternum) test
  • Withers pinch
23
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Genetic- seen in 2-3y/o holsteins

24
Q

What is Caudal vena cava thrombosis?

A
  • Between liver + right atrium
  • Secondary to liver abscess
25
Q

What is treatment for cardiac problems?

A
  • Frusemide - for udder oedema
  • Don’t tend to give long treatment - tend to die - send to slaughter ASAP
26
Q

What are cardiac degenerative changes in farm animals?

A
  • Fatty change - reversible
  • Atrophy - common in ruminant
  • Mineralisation - organomercurial poisoning in cattle
  • Xanthosis - brown pigmentation of myocardium (Ayrshire cattle)
27
Q

What infectious diseases cause myocardial necrosis?

A
  • Foot and mouth disease in neonates
  • Histophilus somni infection
  • Clostridial infections - except blackleg
28
Q

What non-infectious diseases cause myocardial necrosis?

A
  • Vitamin E + selenium-responsive syndrome
  • Saccharated iron toxicity in piglets
  • Porcine stress syndrome
29
Q
A