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Y4 - Large animals > Lameness causing foot lesions - Aetiology, treatment + risk factors > Flashcards

Lameness causing foot lesions - Aetiology, treatment + risk factors Flashcards

1
Q

What are infectious causes of lameness?

A
  • Digital dermatitis
  • Interdigital Phlegmon (foul in the foot)
  • Interdigital dermatitis
  • Heel horn erosion
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2
Q

What does digital dermatitis cause? Aetiology?

A
  • Mortellaro disease
  • Hairy heel warts
  • Strawberry foot
  • Aetiology = Treponema denticola, T. medium, T. phagedenis
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3
Q

What is seen with digital dermatitis?

A
  • Painful, reddened area above interdigital cleft, between heel bulbs
  • Erected hair around the lesion
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4
Q

What are non-infectious causes of lameness

A
  • White line
  • Bruising
  • Ulcers
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5
Q

What is sole bruising?

A
  • Contusion of the corium
  • Pressure from pedal bone
  • External pressure (eg from stones), especially when soles are thin
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6
Q

What are sole ulcers?

A
  • A more severe manifestation of bruising (mainly caused by trauma/ contusions of the corium from the of the pedal bone)
  • Disrupted sole horn production
  • Exposure of the corium
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7
Q

What part of the hoof produces the sole horn? What protects it?

A
  • Corium
  • Protection = digital cushion
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8
Q

What is treatment of sole haemorrhage / bruising or sole ulcers?

A
  • Foot trimming
  • Block unaffected claw - if both claws affected don’t block
  • NSAIDs
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9
Q

What are white line lesions?

A
  • Separation, stones/ manure
  • Associated with shearing/ sideways forces on the feet
  • Claw overload, contusions of the corium could also be associated
  • Abscess formation
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10
Q

What is treatment of white line?

A
  • Functional trimming
  • Remove detached horn,
  • Block unaffected claw
  • NSAIDs
  • Antibiotics
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11
Q

With corrective foot trimming what are the aims?

A
  • Remove all loose, undermined + necrotic horn
  • Avoid damage tot he peripheral corium tissues
  • Adjust weight bearing
  • Change microenvironment from anaerobic to aerobic
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12
Q

What does use of a block do?

A
  • Prevent repeated trauma
  • Reduce pain by elevating claw
  • Promote uninterrupted healing
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13
Q

What are risk factors for lameness?

A
  • Cow comfort
  • Stocking density
  • Feed barrier space
  • Milking frequency, duration, cow flow
  • Floor surface
  • Tracks
  • Animal handling
  • Foot shape / claw overgrowth
  • Over trimming
  • Calving
  • Thin Cows
  • Nutrition
  • Age / Parity
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14
Q

How does cow comfort affect lameness?

A
  • Lying / standing on concrete times - need comfortable cubicles - big enough + bedded
  • Bedding material - deep sand = best choice
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15
Q

How does overcrowding cause increased stocking density?

A
  • Increased standing times + more aggressive interactions
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16
Q

How does milking frequency, duration + cow flow affect lameness?

A
  • 3 times milking = increased standing / walking times
  • Long waiting combined with overcrowding in collecting yard = problem
  • Bad cow flow / sharp corners
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17
Q

What is bad considering flooring? How can you improve flooring

A
  • Hard, wet/slurry, slippery
  • Try putting rubber flooring - especially in parlours + keep clean
18
Q

How do tracks increase lameness?

A
  • Wet + muddy
  • Sharp stones + gravel on surface
19
Q

What can overtrimming do?

A

Predispose cows to lesions - thinner soles

20
Q

How does calving increase lameness risk?

A
  • Weakening of connective tissues of the claw suspensory apparatus = increased susceptibility to sole ulcers + white line disease
21
Q

How does nutrition affect lameness?

A
  • Acidosis, SARA + link to laminitis
  • Deficiencies, biotin, protein content, lipids
  • BCS!!
22
Q

How does age / parity affect lameness?

A
  • Older cows = more likely to be lame
  • Repeatability of major lesions
  • Calving is a risk factor anyway
23
Q

How are transitioning cows more likely to become lame?

A
  • Calving effects on ligaments
  • Reduced DMI / feed intake = reduced digital cushion
  • Increased weight bearing
  • Diet changes
  • Inflammation
24
Q

What is control of claw horn disruption lesions?

A
  • Identify risk factors + improve conditions
  • Early Tx of clinical cases
  • Routine foot trimming
  • Transition cow + heifer management - BCS, space
  • Genetic selection
  • Monitor progress
25
Q

What are other non infectious foot lesions?

A
  • Interdigital hyperplasia
  • Toe ulcer / necrosis
  • Vertical wall crack
  • Axial wall crack / fissure
  • Deep digital sepsis
  • Retroarticular abscess
  • Corkscrew claw
26
Q

What can cause interdigital hyperplasia? Tx?

A
  • Chronic skin irritation =
    -digital dermatitis
    -interdigital dermatitis
  • Tx = surgical removal under regional anaesthesia when painful
27
Q

What causes toe necrosis? Tx?

A
  • Over wear / trimming of toe sole
  • Infection causing osteomyelitis
  • Tx = trim + block unaffected claw - partial / full digital amputation
28
Q

What are vertical wall cracks? Tx?

A
  • Sandcrack, non-painful, exposed corium + granulation tissue
  • Tx = block unaffected claw, trim
29
Q

What should be done with axial wall cracks?

A
  • Remove detached horn / granulation tissue + block healthy claw
30
Q

What can cause deep digital sepsis? What should be done?

A
  • Untreated foul in the foot, complicated sole ulcers, untreated white line abscess, puncture wounds
  • V painful
  • Tx = amputation / euthanasia / arthrodesis
31
Q

What is a retroarticular abscess? What should be done?

A
  • Abscess above heel bulb, V painful over heel of one digit
  • Tx = surgery - digital amputation
32
Q

What causes corkscrew claw?

A
  • Hereditary - regular trimming + cull
33
Q

What are risk factors for digital dermatitis?

A
  • Housing / Hygiene / Infection pressure - slurry, wet conditions
  • Skin integrity
  • External foot-trimmer
  • Dirty hoof-trimming knives
  • Poor biosecurity - buying in heifers
  • Over crowding - increased standing times
  • Parity + repeatability - once infected = more likely to get again
  • Genetics
34
Q

How is digital dermatitis controlled?

A
  • Identify risk factors + improve conditions
  • Genetic selection
  • Early treatment of cases
  • Footbathing - formalin, copper sulphate, zinc sulphate
  • Vaccines?
35
Q

How would you treat digital dermatitis?

A
  • Clean + dry lesion
  • Apply topical antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
36
Q

What is foul in the foot? Aetiology? What is seen?

A
  • Foot rot - fusobacterium necrophorum
  • Sweeling above the claws + Strong Odour
  • V Painful!!
37
Q

How is foul in the foot treated?

A
  • Clean lesion
  • Remove necrotic tissue
  • SYSTEMIC Antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
38
Q

What is interdigital dermatitis?

A
  • Milder infection of interdigital skin?
  • Dichelobacter nodosus
  • Can spread across heels = heel horn erosion
39
Q

What is treatment of heel horn erosion?

A
  • Foot trimming
  • Topical antibiotics
40
Q
A

Y4 - Large animals (78 decks)

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