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Y4 - Large animals > Bloat + traumatic reticulitis > Flashcards

Bloat + traumatic reticulitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is rumen tympany? What are the types?

A
  • bloat = accumulation of rumen gas sufficient to change contour of rumen (visible distension)
  • 2 types =
  • free gas bloat - less common - obstruction / animal unable to burp
  • frothy bloat - more common - stable foam produced on top of rumen liquid which blocks the release of gas
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2
Q

What are clinical signs of bloat?

A
  • Rumen on LHS = distended left abdomen - continues = whole abdomen distended
  • Painful = reluctant to move + eat, appear distressed + vocal
  • Respiratory distress
  • Can become fatal quickly
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3
Q

What is free gas bloat?

A
  • Loss of gas prevented =
  • obstruction of oesophagus - foreign body (potato) / 2ary to chronic pneumonia - mediastinal abscess
  • 2ary to other conditions which interfere with rumenoreticular motility (wire, vagal indigestion, milk fever, tetanus)
  • posture - animal gets ‘cast’
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4
Q

What is frothy bloat?

A
  • Stable foam produced on top of rumen liquid = no gas release
  • Occurs mainly in animals on pasture containing alfalfa, lucerne or clover
  • Also seen in animals fed high levels of finely ground grain
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5
Q

How is bloat diagnosed?

A
  • Hx = especially feeding
  • Clinical signs
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6
Q

What is treatment of free gas bloat?

A
  • Pass stomach tube
  • Trochar (red devil) - in emergency / chronic bloat
  • Treat underlying condition
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7
Q

If bloat caused by oesophageal obstruction what is seen?

A
  • Inability to swallow
  • Regurgitation of feed + H2O
  • Drooling
  • Bloat
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8
Q

What is aetiology of free gas bloat caused by oesophageal obstruction?

A
  • Intra-luminal =
  • Potatoes / turnips (cut up before feeding)
  • Placenta
  • Extra-luminal =
  • Pressure by surrounding organs - mediastinal abscesses + tuberculous lymph nodes
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9
Q

What is treatment of bloat if obstruction?

A
  1. Starve + observe
  2. Sedate
  3. Buscopan
  4. Flunixin
    - may self resolve
    * if not = manual removal = gag + pass hand to back of pharynx / probang with cutting loop / push into rumen with probang from cardia
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10
Q

If unsuccessful removal of obstruction what should be done?

A
  1. Trocharise rumen to relieve bloat
  2. Feed via rumen
  3. Waill till obstruction passes
  4. Warn owner of possible oesophageal damage / necrosis
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11
Q

What is treatment of frothy bloat?

A
  • Pass stomach tube
  • Trochar
  • Need to dose with surfactant + exercise
  • oils e.g. vegetable oil
  • EMERGENCY = 4-6” incision L sub-lumbar fossa
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12
Q

How can you prevent frothy bloat?

A
  • Avoid high risk pastures at high risk times - soon after turn out, when wet
  • Buffer feed
  • Restrict access - strip graze
  • Administer antifoaming agents - spray grass
  • Cull animals with recurrent bloat
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13
Q

What history suggest traumatic reticulitis?

A
  • Sudden MILK drop - e.g. 20L to 5L
  • Hunched up appearance
  • Stiff gait
  • Inappetent
  • Often fed a TMR
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14
Q

Where is the reticulum?

A

LHS - opposite 6-8th rib

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15
Q

What is normal rumen contractions?

A
  • 3 contractions every 2 mins
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16
Q

What’s the difference between primary + secondary cycle contractions?

A
  • Primary cycle =
  • biphasic, mixing cycle, contraction of reticulum + then contraction of rumen
  • Secondary cycle =
  • rumen contraction, starts in caudal rumen, pushes gas into cardia + ERUCTATION
17
Q

How is traumatic reticulitis diagnosed?

A
  • Eric Williams test - listen over trachea + feel rumen contractions on L-flank
  • Withers pinch - abdominal pain
  • Pole test - abdominal pain (localise)
  • Faeces - stiffer w longer fibre (individual cow - if multiple = SARA?)
  • WBC count - non specific
18
Q

What should you hear with Eric Williams test? normally? + if traumatic reticulitis?

A
  • 1ary cycle = place right hand in left sub lumbar fossa + stethoscope over trachea = feel contraction but no eructation
  • 2ary cycle = feel contraction + observe eructation
  • If traumatic reticulitis = pain on reticular contraction:
  • 3 scenarios =
    1. Reduction in 1° cycles
    2. Grunt immediately prior to 1° .
    3. Breath holding prior to 1° .
    4. Very subtle
19
Q

What are different causes of traumatic reticulitis?

A
  • Tyres - fall into feeder wagons
  • Baling sheep netting
  • Nails
  • Old fencing wire
20
Q

What are clinical signs of traumatic reticulitis?

A
  • Sudden onset - drop in yield
  • Increased temp 39.5 oC
  • Reduced rumen contractions
  • Eric Williams test = reduced number of 1ary contractions
  • Hunched up = adducted elbows
  • Inappetant, dull, depressed
21
Q

What are other test for traumatic reticulitis?

A
  • Withers pinch = +ve for any pain
  • Metal detector
  • Exploratory rumenotomy
22
Q

What are consequences of swallowing a wire?

A
  • If no penetration = no effect
  • Penetration = local reticulo-peritonitis
  • ventral / lateral = better prognosis
  • medial = damage to vagus, abscess in medial wall, no pain receptors
  • pericardium = pericarditis
  • other organs = spleen, lungs
  • generalised peritonitis
23
Q

What heart sounds are heard with traumatic pericarditis?

A
  • Initially = pericardial rub
  • later = very quiet / absent
  • Later = washing machine sounds
24
Q

What is seen with traumatic pericarditis as heart failure develops?

A
  • Distended jugular Vein
  • Visible jugular pulse
  • Sub-mandibular oedema
  • Hopeless prognosis
25
Q

If performing an exploratory rumenotomy, what is proper aftercare?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
  • Return to milk yield
  • Magnets for others
  • Stop using tyres
26
Q

What is vagus indigestion?

A
  • Complication of traumatic reticuloperitonitis
  • vagus nerve injury - penetration in medial wall of reticulum
  • reticular adhesions
27
Q

What is seen with vagus nerve injury + dysfunction?

A
  • Dorsal nerve injury = achalasia of reticulo omasal orifice
    = enlarged rumen +/- bloat
  • Pyloric branch of ventral vagal nerve = achalasia of pylorus = abomasal impaction
  • Can have hyperomotility / hypomotility of rumen depending on type of fibre damaged
28
Q

Other than traumatic reticuloperitonitis what else can cause vagal indigestion?

A
  • Actinobacillosis of rumen / reticulum
  • Fibropapillomas of cardia
  • Late pregnancy
29
Q
A

Y4 - Large animals (78 decks)

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