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Y4 - Large animals > Diseases of the peri-parturient ewe > Flashcards

Diseases of the peri-parturient ewe Flashcards

1
Q

What are metabolic diseases around lambing time?

A
  • Pregnancy toxaemia / twin lamb disease
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Hypomagnesaemia
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2
Q

What problems are seen with ewes around lambing time?

A
  • Mastitis
  • Dystocia (over feeding)
  • Maternal behaviour
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3
Q

What can increase lamb mortality during lambing time?

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Poor colostrum
  • Poor milk production
  • infection - watery mouth / joint ill
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4
Q

What BCS should ewes be pre-tupping? why?

A
  • 3 - 3.5
  • Increase BCS = increase number of eggs produced
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5
Q

What are problems of ewes if underfed during pregnancy?

A
  • Small placenta = low lamb birth weights
    *Decreased mammary development
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6
Q

What are the aims of feeding late pregnancy?

A
  • To support fetal growth.
  • To support mammary tissue development and colostrum production.
  • To maintain ewe health- prevent pregnancy toxemia (ketosis).
  • To ensure the birth of strong, healthy, lambs of proper birth weight
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7
Q

How should you sort feeding groups pre lambing?

A
  • Separate singles, twins + triplets
  • BCS
  • Keep young ewes separate
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8
Q

How should you ration ewe pre lambing?

A

*Ad lib hay / silage
* Maximum 1kg per day + 0.5kg per feed

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9
Q

What are risks if lambs don’t get enough colostrum?

A
  • Hypothermia
  • Starvation
  • increased risk of Infection
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10
Q

Why might you have thin ewes around lambing?

A
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Ewe teeth (broken mouth)
  • Age
  • Concurrent diseases - worms, fluke, lameness
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11
Q

What problems can be seen with forage around lambing?

A
  • Poor quality
  • Wet, acidic, mouldy, low feed value
  • Inadequate quantity
  • Insufficient trough space
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12
Q

What problems can be seen with concentrates during lambing?

A
  • Inadequate trough space
  • Poor quality (protein)
  • Too much (acidosis)
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13
Q

What problems are seen with fat ewes around lambing?

A

*More prone to -
* Dystocia (lambing difficulty)
* Pregnancy toxaemia
* Prolapse
* Large fetuses (dystocia)
* Oversized lambs = higher mortality

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14
Q

What is pregnancy toxaemia?

A
  • Energy deficient
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Hyperketonaemia
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15
Q

What risk factors can increase risk of pregnancy toxaemia?

A

– Late Pregnancy (last 6 weeks)
– Thin ewes (<BCS 2.0)
– Fat ewes (>BCS 4.0)
– Stress
– Broken mouth
– Concurrent disease ( fluke,
worms)
– Multiple foetuses
– Inadequate diet
– Change in diet

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16
Q

What are clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia?

A

– Separate from group
– Inappetant
– Central blindness (Positive PLR negative menace)
– Tremors face and ears
– Hyperaesthesia
– Other neuro disturbances ( head pressing, star gazing, persistent drinking)
– Progress to recumbency
– Death
– 0-10 days

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17
Q

How is pregnancy toxaemia diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • BOHB >1.1 mmol/l = abnormal / subclinical
  • BOHB >3mmol/l = clinical signs

(beta-hydroxybuturate)

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18
Q

How can you treat pregnancy toxaemia?

A
  • Separate + provide highly palatable feed
  • Fresh food + water
  • IV glucose - 50-100ml 40%dextrose
  • Propylene glycol
  • Calcium supplementation
  • NSAID - meloxicam

**Flock tx = ad lib treacle / molasses **

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19
Q

How can you prevent pregnancy toxaemia?

A
  • Adequate feeding
  • Avoid sudden changes in diet
  • monitor blood ketone body levels
  • Don’t keep old, broken mouth ewes
  • Manage diseases
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20
Q

What causes hypocalcaemia?

A
  • Same pathogenesis as milk fever hypocalcaemia in cattle
    – Increased demand of foetus and colostrum production for calcium
    – ability to absorb calcium for gut and kidneys,
    – mobilise calcium from bones
    – Mediated by Parathyriod Hormone and 1,25 hydroxy vitamin D
  • Usually pre-lambing 6 weeks onwards (but not always can be early lactation)
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21
Q

What are risk factors of hypocalcaemia?

A
  • Often stress induced
    – handling, gathering for vaccinations etc
    – change in diet pasture, snow, water deprivation,
  • Other risk factors
    – Acidosis cereal diet
    – Older ewes
    – Rapid growing lush pasture
22
Q

What are clinical signs of hypocalcaemia?

A
  • Weakness and excitement
  • Progress to recumbent
  • Dilated pupils, constipated, bloated, comatose + death
23
Q

How is hypocalcaemia treated?

A
  • Slow IV calcium = rapid response
  • Sub cut calcium (warm = slow response
24
Q

What are clinical signs of hypomagnesaemia / staggers?

A
  • rapid onset, neurological symptoms
  • Excitable, tremors, convulsions + death
  • Found dead
25
Q

How can you diagnose + treat staggers?

A
  • Dx = blood sample (<0.2mmol/l)
  • Tx = Mg So4 Sub cut ONLY
  • or IV calcium
26
Q

What are differential diagnoses of sick / recumbent ewe during lambing time?

A
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Pregnancy toxaemia
  • Hypomagnesaemia
  • Listeria
  • Mastitis
  • Metritis
  • Bloat
  • Pasturellosis
  • Poisoining
  • Acidosis
27
Q

What percentage of ewe deaths occur during lambing period?

A
  • 75% of ewes
28
Q

What can you use when dealing with dystocias?

A

*Gloves
*Lubrication
*NSAIDS
*Epidurals
*Antibiotics

*Colostrum

29
Q

How would you perform a simple embryotomy?

A
  • Lots of lubrication
  • Remove fore limbs
  • Cut through skin round leg above carpus + up towards elbow, undermine attachment shoulder to chest wall, pull leg off + repeat
30
Q

What should be looked at with dystocia related deaths?

A
  • Age of ewes
  • Breed of ram
  • Condition of ewes
  • Hygiene when lambing
  • Hygiene of pens
  • Staff numbers
  • Staff training
31
Q

What are indications / contraindications for caesareans?

A

Indications
* Over sized lamb
* Ringwomb
* Vaginal prolapse
* Foetal monster
* Malpresentation

Contraindications
* Rotten lamb / smelly fluids - embryotomy best

32
Q

What should be considered with caesareans?

A
  • broad spectrum antibiotics - Pen & Strep
  • NSAID
  • Lateral recumbancy - left side up
  • Clip, scrub, local + drape
33
Q

What are you anaesthesia options with caesareans?

A
  • Local infiltration - procaine
  • Inverted L block
  • Paravertebral
    • sacro-coccygeal epidural
34
Q

Where + how would you perform your incision with a c-section?

A
  • Last rib + wing of ileum - half way 10-15cm below transverse processes
  • 15cm incision
  • External, internal abdominal oblique + transverse abdominis + then enter peritoneum (NOT rumen)
  • Grasp uterine horn, incise + remove lamb.
35
Q

How should you suture you uterus, peritoneum + muscles + skin?

A
  • Uterus = continuous inverting pattern with cat gut
  • Peritoneum + muscles = continuous simple with cat gut
  • Skin = ford interlocking, simple interrupted or cruciate mattress with Nylon
36
Q

What are clinical signs of metritis?

A
  • Dull, depressed, recumbant
  • Toxaemia congested mucous membranes
  • Red/ brown or purulent vaginal discharge

Tx = antibiotic (IV oxytetracycline) + NSAID

37
Q

When are vaginal prolapses seen?

A
  • last 4 weeks of pregnancy
  • Can be fatal if not treated
38
Q

What are causes of vaginal prolapses?

A

– Prolific breeds> hill breeds
– Litter size
– Age
– History 35-40% will re-prolapse
– Nutritional factors
* Obesity
* bulky feeds poor quality forages
* Hypocalcaemia
* lack of trough space
– ?Stocking rates
– ? lack of exercise
– Slopes

39
Q

How can you treat vaginal prolapses?

A
  • Mild cases = retention devices, harnesses, NSAIDs + LA antibiotic
  • Severe cases = surgical (need epidural)
40
Q

How can you prevent vaginal prolapse?

A
  • Cull if prolapsed before - more likely to prolapse again
41
Q

What should be done with prolapses of intestine through vaginal wall?

A
  • Fatal
  • Euthanise if seen alive
  • Occasionally may save lambs if seen alive
42
Q

How are uterine prolapses treated?

A
  • Seen post lambing
  • Epidural, clean, invert + suture
43
Q

What are the 3 main presentations of mastitis?

A
  • Peracute/ gangrenous/ toxic mastitis
  • Acute mastitis
  • Chronic mastitis
44
Q

What is per acute / gangrenous mastitis?

A
  • Immediately post lambing / 4-8weeks post lambing in peak lactation
  • Toxaemia, tachycardia, rumen stasis, lame + recumbent
  • Cold, blue udder - discoloured milk
45
Q

What is acute mastitis?

A
  • ewe fever, lame, udder red + painful
  • milk abnormal apperance, discoloured, clots + watery
46
Q

What is chronic mastitis?

A
  • Ewe not systemically ill
  • Purulent discharge from teats
47
Q

What are the most common organisms in mastitis?

A
  • Staph. aureus - teat skin
  • Mannheimia haemolytica - lambs mouth
48
Q

What are the sources of infection of mastitis?

A
  • Teat skin
  • Lambs mouth
  • Previous chronic infections in udder
  • Environment - streps + Ecoli
49
Q

What are some risk factors for mastitis?

A
  • Nutrition
    – Under nutrition in late pregnancy and lactation
    – Low BCS
    – Vit E / Selenium deficiency
  • Concurrent Disease
    – Fluke johns worms preg toxaemia dystocia
  • Prolificacy
    – Multiple lambs
  • Age
    – Older ewes
    – Younger ewes
  • Udder Confirmation
    – abnormal teat position
  • Udder abscesses/chronic infections
  • Teat Lesions
    – Orf, chapping, over sucking by lambs
  • Genetic Factors
    – Area active research (Fast growth rates lambs)
  • Hygiene
  • Milking Practices (dairy sheep)
50
Q

How would you treat each type of mastitis?

A
  • Gangrenous - euthanasia
  • Acute - systemic antibiotics, stripping of udder, NSAIDS, IV fluids
  • Chronic - culling
51
Q

What can cause teat damage?

A
  • Over sucking
  • Chilling weather
  • poor conformation
  • Orf
52
Q
A

Y4 - Large animals (78 decks)

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