Post partum disease in cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What happens between calving and successful establishment of next pregnancy?

A

1) involution of the uterus (after expulsion of calf and placenta)
2) restoration of the endometrium
3) resumption of ovarian cyclicity
4) Insemination
5) Fertilisation = conception in a timely manner
6) Maintenance of the pregnancy
7) Calve again

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2
Q

What happens to the endometrium post-partum?

A
  • 48hrs post partum = septal mass, stretched stratum compactum + thick myometrium
  • 5 days post partum = sloughing of necrotic septal mass
  • 10-15 days post partum = necrotic septal mass sloughed + vascular stubs on stratum compactum
  • 19 days post partum = smooth surface of stratum compactum + shrinking
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3
Q

What needs to be avoided with a c-section?

A
  • Avoid caruncles = V vascular
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4
Q

When does resumption of cyclicity occur?

A

 Puberty
 Onset of seasonal breeding (N/A in cows)
 Recovery from NEB
 Post parturition - cows have increase in FSH which stimulate follicular wave

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5
Q

What is normal ovarian function post-partum in cows?

A

 Low progesterone and oestrogen after calving
 Resumption of FSH surges increases within 3-5 days, at 7-10 day intervals
 1st post partum follicle wave –> 1st Dominant Follicle

 Does the 1st Dominant Follicle ovulate?
- yes if sufficient E2 from the DF for LH/FSH surge

-Capacity for E2 secretion depends on =
1. size of DF
2. LH pulse frequency (nutrition, health)
3. IGF-I bioavailability (nutrition)

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6
Q

What can be used for oestrus detection?

A
  • Visual observation
  • Tail-head markers (stickers/chalk)
  • Activity meters
  • Progesterone monitoring
  • External technician (single job to do)
  • Bull/Teaser bull
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7
Q

What occurs with embryogenesis?

A
  • Day 0 = fertilization
  • Day 1 = 2-cell
  • Day 1.5 = 4-cell
  • Day 7-12 = blastocyst
  • Day 13-35 = elongated blastocyst
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8
Q

What are reasons for failure of fertilisation + embryonic loss?

A
  • Failure of fertilisation - AI technique/timing, oocyte quality/health
  • Uterine environment
  • Infectious agents (BVD, BHV1, Lepto, Campy)
  • Metabolic status of dam / nutrition (Pre/post calving)
  • Genetic abnormality of embryo
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9
Q

What goes wrong after calving as seen by the farmer / vet?

A
  • Retained Foetal Membranes
  • Metritis / Endometritis
  • Cystic ovarian disease
  • Failure to resume ovarian cyclicity = non-buller/NSB/ONO (or failure of detection???)
  • Return to oestrus (on time or not on time) Insufficient IFT production = fails to implant = Embryonic death (early / late)
  • Abortion
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10
Q

What are different uterine infections?

A
  • Metritis
  • Endometritis
  • Pyometra
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11
Q

What are the consequences of uterine infections?

A
  • Damage the uterus
  • Suppress hypothalamic GnRH + pituitary LH secretion
  • Have localised effects on ovarian function
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12
Q

What are the main pathogens for uterine infections?

A
  • E.coli (Gram Neg)
  • Truperella pyogenes (Gram Pos)
  • Dichelobacter nodosus (Gram Neg)
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum (Gram Neg)
  • (BoHV4)
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13
Q

What are risk factors for uterine bacterial infection? (in order)

A
  • Retained foetal membranes
  • Abortion
  • Dystocia
  • Twins
  • Induction
  • Milk fever
  • Multiparous (older cow)
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14
Q

What is metritis?

A
  • an abnormally enlarged uterus and purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina, within 21 days after parturition
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15
Q

What are the grades of metritis?

A
  • Grade 1 = enlarged uterus and a purulent uterine discharge but no pyrexia
  • Grade 2 = ‘puerperal metritis’ - overt systemic illness (decreased milk yield, fever, >39.5oC, reduced appetite)
  • Grade 3 = ‘toxaemic metritis’ - signs of toxaemia (cold extremities, dullness)
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16
Q

What is the definition of pyometra?

A
  • Accumulation of purulent material within the uterine lumen in the presence of a corpus luteum and a closed cervix
17
Q

How can you diagnose a pyometra?

A
  • Enlarged uterus
  • CL
  • Ultrasound for pus
18
Q

How would you treat a pyometra?

A
  • PGF
19
Q

What is clinical endometritis?

A
  • the presence of a purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina 21 days or more post partum
20
Q

What is seen with pyometra on ultrasound?

A
  • Grey matter in lumen on cross section
  • Speckled content
21
Q

What is the effect of endometritis on fertility?

A
  • Prolongs time between calving and getting pregnant
  • Increased number of serves per conception
  • Prolongs time between calving and first service
22
Q

What is sub-clinical endometritis?
What are risk factors?

A
  • Immune cells in uterus when flushed with saline / cytobrush (affect 5-50% of herd)
  • Risk factors =
  • negative energy balance / ketosis
  • metritis
23
Q

What is cystic ovarian disease? What is seen?

A
  • Follicular (FC) or Luteal ‘cysts’ (LC)
  • Anoestrus = nymphomania
  • Usually <60 DIM
24
Q

What are factors associated with cystic ovarian disease?

A
  • High milk production
  • NEB and ketosis; raised NEFAs
  • Higher parity - older cows
  • Twinning and periparturient problems
  • Excess BCS at drying off
  • Genetic predisposition
25
Q

What are follicular cysts?

A
  • Follicle that fails to ovulate + keeps growing
  • May produce oestradiol = irregular / excessive oestrus behaviour
  • If CL >2cm present at same time = FC hormonally inactive = Tx directed at CL
26
Q

What do follicular cyst look like?

A
  • Thin wall <3mm
  • Fluid filled
  • Internal diameter >25mm
  • Duration = 10 days
27
Q

What do luteal cysts look like?

A
  • > 25mm external diameter
  • Thick wall >3mm
  • Fluid filled lacuna
  • Duration = 10 days
  • Luteinised follicular cyst
28
Q

How would you treat follicular cysts?

A
  • Burst
  • GnRH
  • Progesterone (PRID/CIDR)
  • Aspirate
  • Leave alone
  • Check on next farm visit
29
Q

How would you treat luteal cysts?

A
  • Prostaglandin
30
Q
A