Unit 3.2 - Principles of Training and Development Flashcards
What are the 3 learning theories?
Theories of learning help to explain why individuals behave the way they do and how new behaviors are acquired.
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning - Operant conditioning focuses strictly on observable behavior rather than on
motives, feelings, and other internal processes.
Positive reinforcement, punishment, etc.
- Social cognitive theory
What are the reinforcement contingencies?
Part of operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement contingencies - The correct response is followed by a positive reinforcer.
Punishment contingencies - The wrong response is followed by an unpleasant consequence.
Avoidance contingency - A person makes a response to avoid an unpleasant consequence
Escape contingency - A person is experiencing an unpleasant consequence and must make a response to terminate it.
Extinction contingency - No reinforcement is provided after a response in an effort to terminate it.
What are the 3 reward schedules?
Timing of reinforcement
- Continuous - each time a person makes the correct response, it’s reinforced
- Intermittent - only a portion of the correct responses are reinforced
AKA Ratio schedule (Fixed - every 10th response, or Variable - at random)
- Interval - reward only received after a specified interval of time (can also be fixed or variable)
What is social cognitive theory?
Behavior is influenced by the consequences of the behavior.
Emphasizes importance of vicarious learning (learning from experiences of others)
Factors:
Personal
Behavioral
Environmental
What is self efficacy?
Belief in one’s capabilities
Dimensions:
1. Magnitude - level of task difficulty a person believes they can attain
2. Strength - amount of confidence in one’s abilities to perform
3. Generality - degree to which one’s expectations are generalized across many situations or restricted to an isolated incident
Cues:
1. Enactive mastery - repeated performance and practice
2. Vicarious experience - observing others
3. Verbal persuasion - source of info is from someone credible (ex. a respected leader says you’re smart)
4. Perceptions of one’s physiological state - mental preparedness with mantras
What is andragogy?
Learning for adults, not children
- Learning is experienced-based
- Learning is enhanced by active participation
- Learning is problem-centered
- Learning is collaborative
- Learning requires involvement
What are the principles of learning?
The design and presentation of training programs should be based on the principles of learning proposed by both operant conditioning and social cognitive theory.
- Stimulus - meaningful organization of materials (ex. books, the Hive)
- Response - practice and repetition (ex. reading the text, coming to class)
- Motivation - reinforcement and active participation (ex. similar to response)
- Feedback - knowledge of results (ex. test results)
What is Transfer of Training?
- Positive transfer of training - training activities enhance performance in a new situation
- Negative transfer of training - training activities inhibit performance in a new situation
- No observable effect of training
Determined by similarity of training and actual job situation
What are the 4 different learning curves?
Used to analyzing the rate of learning
- Negatively accelerating learning curve - decreasing returns; learning is high early on, but becomes smaller as practice continues; medium level complex tasks (ex. someone learning to operate a machine)
- Positively accelerating learning curve - increasing returns; learning is slow at first and then improves; typically with difficult/complex material, when a trainee lacks necessary background or aptitude (ex. engineering)
- S-shaped learning curve - positively accelerating in the beginning and then negatively accelerating (material might be designed this way to give learner breaks)
- Learning curve with plateau - has a period where no learning seems to occur (ex. simple tasks)
What are the 4 types of forgetting?
- Passive decay: memory fading
- Proactive inhibition: old learning interferes with recalling new learning
- Retroactive inhibition - new learning interferes with recalling old learning
- Motivated forgetting - actively not remembering
What are the 6 levels of learning?
Learning can occur at different levels. There are six levels of learning proposed by Bloom in a taxonomy of cognitive learning.
Top to bottom of triangle:
Evaluation (making judgements, placing value or worth)
Synthesis (drawing understanding from sources and reaching conclusions)
Analysis (understanding the “why”)
Application (applying and practicing)
Comprehension (grasping what’s important)
Knowledge (ex. facts)
Found in design phase of ADDIE where learning objectives are developed
What are the 4 learning strategies?
FUNNEL:
Broad Concepts –> Specific Situations (ex. management training)
INVERTED FUNNEL:
Specific situations –> Broad Concepts (ex. learning software)
HOURGLASS:
Broad Concepts –> Specific situations –> Broad Concepts (ex. writing a business plan)
TUNNEL:
Uniform Presentation –> Step-by-Step Instruction (ex. learning to drive)
What are the 4 kinds of learning?
- Motor Response - physical training
- Rote Learning - memorization
- Learning Ideas - developing symbols and associations
- Value Internalization - placing personal value on content being learned
