Upper limb lameness 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is seen with the stride in a upper limb lameness?

A

Reduced forward stride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is seen with weightbearing lameness?

A
  • Shortened stride of sound leg
  • Head up on weightbearing if front leg affected
  • Head down on weightbearing if hind leg affected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What may cause atrophy or swelling of a tissue?

A
  • Atrophy =
    -Disuse - e.g. pain-induced
    -neurological
  • Swelling =
    -Haematoma
    -Inflammation
    -Effusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are further diagnostic aidsof upper limb lameness?

A
  • Radiography - bone integrity + position, joint effusion + degenerative changes, ST swelling, tissue integrity
  • MRI
  • Scintigraphy
  • Thermography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can cause contracted tendons in calves?

A
  • Position in utero
  • Manganese deficiency
  • Hereditary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is conservative treatment of contracted tendons? What can co wrong?

A
  • Cast = 2-4weeks (change after 10-14days and re-apply half cast
  • Can also use a metal splint
  • Can cause decubitus ulcers if not enough padding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What should be done if you can’t manually extend the ‘tippy-toe’? what should not be used and why?

A
  • Tendonectomy - ring of local, 3-4cm incision, cut superficial flexor tendon (see if sufficient - if not cut deep digital FT) + cast for 2 weeks
  • DO NOT use Oxytet - not effective + can cause toxic necrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can cause carpal flexion?

A
  • Schmallenberg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can cause gastrocnemius rupture?

A

Rotational force - wooden pallets on floor + calf foot stuck
* Sudden weight - mounting bulls
* Trauma
* Weakening
* Hypophosphataemia
* Compartment syndrome - muscular necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can you tell the difference between gastrocnemius rupture and tibial nerve paralysis?

A
  • Loss of sensation / pain with tibial nerve paralysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes a flexor tendon injury?

A
  • Trauma - spontaneous / infectious
    -open wound / contamination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is treatment of flexor tendon injury?

A
  • Treat as wound - clean + lavage (antibiotics)
  • Cast (once infection under control)
  • Can try to tie tendon back together then cast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can you diagnose cruciate ligament rupture in a bull/cow?

A
  • Rule out foot / lower limb
  • Clicking sound
  • Joint effusion
  • Pain
  • Crepitus
  • Cranial drawer
  • usually done after dismount
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is patellar fixation? Tx?

A
  • Leg fixed in full extension
  • Tx = cut medial patellar ligament -BOTH LEGS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can you diagnose a peroneus tertius rupture?

A

Can draw hindleg backwards higher than what is normal / parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are different osteodystrophy?

A
  • Rickets - young growing animals
  • Osteoporosis + osteomalacia = adults
17
Q

What are causes of osteodystrophy?

A
  • Mineral / vitamin deficiency = Ca, P, Cu, D
    -combined with rapid growth, gender, housing, genetics
18
Q

What are clinical signs of osteodystrophy?

A
  • Stiffness / recumbency
  • Bone distortion
  • Long bone #
  • swelling joints / epiphysis
19
Q

How is osteodystrophy diagnosed?

A
  • Joint fluid
  • Bloods = low Ca2+, High Alk/Phos
  • PME + histopathology
  • Bone ash concentrations
20
Q

What causes white muscle disease? What is seen with serum levels?

A
  • Vitamin E + selenium deficiency (due to increased activity)
  • Serum levels = low Vit E/Se, high AST, CK
21
Q

What breeds are predisposed to hip dysplasia?

A
  • Hereford
  • Charollais
  • Angus
  • Limousin
  • Belted Galloway
  • South devons
  • MALE
22
Q

What is osteochondrosis? Where does it normally occur?

A
  • Disruption to blood vessels supplying bones (3 stages)
    -O. dissecans
    -O. latens
    -O. manifesta
  • Usually occurs around atlanto-occipital + femoro-patellar joints
23
Q

How can you diagnose osteochondrosis?

A
  • Young animals
  • Little lameness at first
  • Joint tap = mild inflammation, mild increase in protein
24
Q

What are different causes of fractures?

A
  • Trauma
    -Mc/Mt = calving ropes/chain
  • Spontaneous - hypophosphataemia
  • Pathological - infection / necrosis
25
Q

If transporting a bull with a fractured leg what should be done?

A
  • Good legs FORWARDS
  • Care + aid in loading
  • Pad out trailer
  • Avoid sedation - NSAID + butorphanol instead
26
Q

How can you treat fractures?

A
  • Box rest - if femur / humerus + no displacement + animal able to walk
  • Amputation - well tolerated
  • External co-aptation - consider length, analgesia, padding, alignment, strength
  • Hanging limb pin cast
  • Thomas-extension splint
  • External fixation
  • Internal fixation - cost, material strength
27
Q

What are complications of fractures?

A
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Dislocation / non-union
  • Decreased long bone development
  • Ischaemic necrosis
  • Nerve damage
  • Disuse atrophy
28
Q

What pathogens can cause septic arthritis?

A
  • T. pyogenes&raquo_space;»
  • Strep/Staph/ E.coli/Salmonella
  • Histophilus somnus, M. bovis
29
Q

What is the best way of diagnosing septic arthritis?

A
  • Arthrocentesis
30
Q

How would you treat septic arthritis?

A
  • Conservative = aggressive antibiotics + anti-inflammatory
  • Surgical = GA, IVRA, lavage, arthroscopy, arthrotomy
31
Q

What are complications of septic arthritis?

A
  • Epiphyseal abscess
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Relapse
32
Q

How would you treat hygromas?

A
  • Clip + prep
  • Local
  • Incision top + bottom
  • Break down septae + drain
  • Pressure bandage