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history > 15: the Stalinist economy > Flashcards

15: the Stalinist economy Flashcards

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1
Q

what did 14th party congress in 1925 call for

A

transformation of our country from an agrarian into an industrial one, capable by its own efforts to producing the necessary means

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2
Q

14th party congress known as

A

the industrialisation congress

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3
Q

what was NEP maintained throughout 1926 despite

A

concerns raised about how more investment was needed to drive industry forwards

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4
Q

what was announced at the 15th party congress

A

the end of NEP and the beginning of the first five year plan for rapid industrialisation

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5
Q

what was the first 5 year plan known as

A

the great turn

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6
Q

what was the great turn driven by

A

a number of economic factors and stalins desire to establish his leadership

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7
Q

what was the NEP failing to do by 1927

A

to produce the growth that many leading communists sought, and a war scare in the late 1920s made them particularly nervous

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8
Q

why did gov want to increase USSRS military strength and develop its self-sufficiency

A

so that is was less reliant on foreign imports

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9
Q

what was essential to move towards socialism

A

to develop industry and not have a state dependent on peasants and grain harvest

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10
Q

how did the great turn suit stalins personal style

A

to have strong central control over the economy, known as ‘central planning’

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11
Q

what targets did Stalin set in his 5 year plans

A

-very ambitious targets for enterprises to attain

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12
Q

what were the targets intended to do

A

force managers and workers to devote their maximum effort to the programme

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13
Q

what were the launching and fulfillment of the plans accompanied by

A

lots of propaganda

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14
Q

why did statistics show huge improvements in industry following 5 year plans

A
  • failure to achieve target deemed a criminal offence
  • all those involved in administering and carrying out plans went to great lengths to ensure reported statistics showed huge improvements
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15
Q

what was built into the system of industrialisation from the start

A

corruption and faulty reporting

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16
Q

aims of first 5 year plan

A
  • increase production 300% by setting targets for growth
  • develop heavy industry
  • boost electricity production 600%
  • double output of light industry
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17
Q

what did the publicity surrounding the launch of the first 5 year plan provoke

A

an enthusiastic response

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18
Q

what did stalin claim of 5 year plans that evidenced its success

A

targets met in 4 years instead of 5

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19
Q

why was it claimed first 5 year plan targets met in 4 years not 5

A

over enthusiastic reporting by local officials, keen to show loyalty and effort

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20
Q

were any major targets of first 5 year plans met, in reality

A

no

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21
Q

what brought impressive growth in first 5 year plans

A

major investment

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22
Q

first 5 year plan: electricity

A

x3

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23
Q

first 5 year plan: coal and iron output

A

x2

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24
Q

first 5 year plan: steel production

A

1/3

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25
Q

examples of what sprung up during first 5 year plans

A

new railways, engineering plants, hydro-electric power schemes and industrial complexes

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26
Q

what targets were not met in first 5 year plans

A

chemical industry

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27
Q

what industries were neglected under first 5 year plans

A

house building, food processing and other consumer industries

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28
Q

what obstacles were there to effective development in first 5 year plan

A

too few skilled workers and too little effective coordination

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29
Q

what lost out in first 5 year plan

A

smaller industrial works and workshops, in competition from bigger factories

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30
Q

aims of second 5 year plan

A
  • continue development of heavy industry
  • put new emphasis on light industries and consumer goods
  • develop communications to provide links between cities and areas of industry
  • boost engineering and tool making
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31
Q

when were three good years

A

1934-36 (second 5yp)

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32
Q

when was Moscow metro opened

A

1935

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33
Q

Volga canal opened

A

1937

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34
Q

what did dnieprostroi dam produce

A

HEP

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35
Q

when was dnieprostroi dam completed

A

1932

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36
Q

what happened to dnieprostroi dam under 2nd 5yp

A

extended, with 4 more generators

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37
Q

which industries grew rapidly under 25yp

A

electricity production and chemical industries grew

38
Q

which new metals were mined for first time under 25yp

A

copper, zinc and tin

39
Q

25yp: steel output

A

x2

40
Q

25yp: coal production

A

x2

41
Q

what was the soviet union by 19927

A

virtually self sufficient in metal goods and machine tools

42
Q

why did the focus of second 5 year plan change slightly in 1936

A

greater emphasis placed on rearmament

4% 1933 17% 1937

43
Q

which industries failed to meet its targets under 5 year plans

A

oil production no appreciable increase in consumer goods (some expansion in footwear and food processing)

44
Q

which emphasis continued into 25yp

A

quantity rather than quality

45
Q

aims of third 5yp

A
  • focus on development of heavy industry
  • promote rapid rearmament
  • complete transition to communism
46
Q

third 5yp: main beneficiary

A

heavy industry, strong growth in machinery and engineering

47
Q

third 5yp: spending of what doubled 1938-40

A

rearmament

48
Q

what adverse effect did increased spending on rearmament have (3rd)

A

steel production stagnated, oil failed to meet targets (fuel crisis) and many industries found themselves short of raw materials

49
Q

third 5yp: what was relegated to lowest priority

A

consumer goods

50
Q

third 5yp: what was the biggest problem

A

dearth of good managers, specialists and technicians following stalins purges, exceptionally hard winter and diversion of funds

51
Q

why did third 5yp finish early

A

german invasion 1941

52
Q

first 5yp

A

1928-32

53
Q

second 5yp

A

1933-37

54
Q

third 5yp

A

1938-42

55
Q

central planning system: who were priorities in planning established by

A

party

56
Q

central planning system: what were laid down by party

A

output targets and labour norms

57
Q

central planning system: how were instructions passed down to industrial managers

A

through bureaucratic layers

58
Q

central planning system: what was meant by managers having to ‘balance the books’

A

paying for fuel, raw materials and labour from their enterprises income

59
Q

central planning system: what could managers who failed to meet targets find themselves accused of

A

wrecking

60
Q

central planning system: who were bonuses paid to

A

enterprises that exceeded targets

61
Q

what were changes in agricultural organisation seen as a prerequisitie for

A

rapid industrialisation

62
Q

why was surplus grain needed

A

for export and to enable the purchase of industrial equipment and to feed a growing industrial workforce

63
Q

what did stalins great turn involve a move towards

A

collective frming

64
Q

what was hoped of collectives

A

would provide for more efficient farming, give more opportunity for mechanisation, make grain collection easier and socialise the peasants

65
Q

what did stalin believe that some of grain procurement problems were caused by

A

the kulaks, who understood how to make money by holding back supplies

66
Q

what did stalin announce in December 1929

A

that he would annihilate the kulaks as a class

67
Q

what were the red army and cheka used for

A

to execute, identify or deport the kulaks

68
Q

how did some peasants try to avoid being labelled as kulaks

A

by killing their livestock and destroying their crops- added to rural probems

69
Q

in January 1930, stalin announced that what percentage of grain farming areas were to be collectivised that year

A

25%

70
Q

what did collectivisation go hand in hand with

A

the destruction of the kulaks, whos treatment was designed to frighten poorer peasants into joining kolkhoz collectives

71
Q

march 1930, what percentage of peasants households had been collectivied

A

58%

72
Q

why was a brief return to voluntary collectiiviasation permitted until after the harvest had been collected in 1930

A

the speed of collectivisation created hostility

stalin accused party members of becoming dizzy with success

73
Q

what happened upon the return to voluntary collectivisation 1930

A

numbers immediately began to fall back

October 1930, only around 20% households still collectivised

74
Q

collectivisation stage one

A

1929-30

75
Q

collectivisation stage 2

A

1930-41

76
Q

how did the second stage of collectivisation proceed

A

at a slower pace and accompanied by the establishment of 2500 machine tractor stations

77
Q

why were mts introduced

A

to provide seed and maintain the hire machinery to the kolkhozes

78
Q

mts secondary purpose

A

to ensure quotas were collected and to control countryside by dealing with trouble makers

79
Q

problems with dekulakisation

A

inhumane and removed 10 million of the most successful farmers

80
Q

why did livestock numbers not exceed pre-collectivisaion until 1953

A

grain and livestock destroyed by peasants

81
Q

what did unrealistic procurement quotas lead to

A

peasants being forced to hand over almost all of their grain in some areas

82
Q

why were the collectives poorly organised

A

the party actitivsts who helped establish them knew nothing of farming

too few tractors, insufficient animals to pull plouhs and lack of fertilisers

83
Q

why was there a famine in spring 1932 in the Ukraine

A

October 1931 dought and kulak deportations

84
Q

what happened to anyone who stole from a collective under a law of august 1932

A

could be jailed for 10 yeara

85
Q

what did further decrees give 10 year sentences for

A

any attempt to sell meat or grain before quotas were filled, and internal passports were brought in to stop peasants leaving collectives

86
Q

what did peasants refer to collectivisation as

A

second serfdom

87
Q

why did peasants see little incentive to work hard

A

never received share o profits of collective farm they were promised

88
Q

what was the peasants only interest and why

A

their private plots as they could grow goods to sell in the market place

89
Q

how did the state seem to achieve its purpose in promoting collectivisation overall

A

the industrial workforce was fed and exports of grain increased

90
Q

who were the agricultural improvements at the cost of

A

the peasants themselves

history (44 decks)

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