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15: the Stalinist economy Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

what did 14th party congress in 1925 call for

A

transformation of our country from an agrarian into an industrial one, capable by its own efforts to producing the necessary means

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2
Q

14th party congress known as

A

the industrialisation congress

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3
Q

what was NEP maintained throughout 1926 despite

A

concerns raised about how more investment was needed to drive industry forwards

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4
Q

what was announced at the 15th party congress

A

the end of NEP and the beginning of the first five year plan for rapid industrialisation

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5
Q

what was the first 5 year plan known as

A

the great turn

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6
Q

what was the great turn driven by

A

a number of economic factors and stalins desire to establish his leadership

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7
Q

what was the NEP failing to do by 1927

A

to produce the growth that many leading communists sought, and a war scare in the late 1920s made them particularly nervous

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8
Q

why did gov want to increase USSRS military strength and develop its self-sufficiency

A

so that is was less reliant on foreign imports

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9
Q

what was essential to move towards socialism

A

to develop industry and not have a state dependent on peasants and grain harvest

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10
Q

how did the great turn suit stalins personal style

A

to have strong central control over the economy, known as ‘central planning’

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11
Q

what targets did Stalin set in his 5 year plans

A

-very ambitious targets for enterprises to attain

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12
Q

what were the targets intended to do

A

force managers and workers to devote their maximum effort to the programme

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13
Q

what were the launching and fulfillment of the plans accompanied by

A

lots of propaganda

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14
Q

why did statistics show huge improvements in industry following 5 year plans

A
  • failure to achieve target deemed a criminal offence
  • all those involved in administering and carrying out plans went to great lengths to ensure reported statistics showed huge improvements
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15
Q

what was built into the system of industrialisation from the start

A

corruption and faulty reporting

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16
Q

aims of first 5 year plan

A
  • increase production 300% by setting targets for growth
  • develop heavy industry
  • boost electricity production 600%
  • double output of light industry
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17
Q

what did the publicity surrounding the launch of the first 5 year plan provoke

A

an enthusiastic response

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18
Q

what did stalin claim of 5 year plans that evidenced its success

A

targets met in 4 years instead of 5

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19
Q

why was it claimed first 5 year plan targets met in 4 years not 5

A

over enthusiastic reporting by local officials, keen to show loyalty and effort

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20
Q

were any major targets of first 5 year plans met, in reality

A

no

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21
Q

what brought impressive growth in first 5 year plans

A

major investment

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22
Q

first 5 year plan: electricity

A

x3

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23
Q

first 5 year plan: coal and iron output

A

x2

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24
Q

first 5 year plan: steel production

A

1/3

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25
examples of what sprung up during first 5 year plans
new railways, engineering plants, hydro-electric power schemes and industrial complexes
26
what targets were not met in first 5 year plans
chemical industry
27
what industries were neglected under first 5 year plans
house building, food processing and other consumer industries
28
what obstacles were there to effective development in first 5 year plan
too few skilled workers and too little effective coordination
29
what lost out in first 5 year plan
smaller industrial works and workshops, in competition from bigger factories
30
aims of second 5 year plan
- continue development of heavy industry - put new emphasis on light industries and consumer goods - develop communications to provide links between cities and areas of industry - boost engineering and tool making
31
when were three good years
1934-36 (second 5yp)
32
when was Moscow metro opened
1935
33
Volga canal opened
1937
34
what did dnieprostroi dam produce
HEP
35
when was dnieprostroi dam completed
1932
36
what happened to dnieprostroi dam under 2nd 5yp
extended, with 4 more generators
37
which industries grew rapidly under 25yp
electricity production and chemical industries grew
38
which new metals were mined for first time under 25yp
copper, zinc and tin
39
25yp: steel output
x2
40
25yp: coal production
x2
41
what was the soviet union by 19927
virtually self sufficient in metal goods and machine tools
42
why did the focus of second 5 year plan change slightly in 1936
greater emphasis placed on rearmament | 4% 1933 17% 1937
43
which industries failed to meet its targets under 5 year plans
oil production no appreciable increase in consumer goods (some expansion in footwear and food processing)
44
which emphasis continued into 25yp
quantity rather than quality
45
aims of third 5yp
- focus on development of heavy industry - promote rapid rearmament - complete transition to communism
46
third 5yp: main beneficiary
heavy industry, strong growth in machinery and engineering
47
third 5yp: spending of what doubled 1938-40
rearmament
48
what adverse effect did increased spending on rearmament have (3rd)
steel production stagnated, oil failed to meet targets (fuel crisis) and many industries found themselves short of raw materials
49
third 5yp: what was relegated to lowest priority
consumer goods
50
third 5yp: what was the biggest problem
dearth of good managers, specialists and technicians following stalins purges, exceptionally hard winter and diversion of funds
51
why did third 5yp finish early
german invasion 1941
52
first 5yp
1928-32
53
second 5yp
1933-37
54
third 5yp
1938-42
55
central planning system: who were priorities in planning established by
party
56
central planning system: what were laid down by party
output targets and labour norms
57
central planning system: how were instructions passed down to industrial managers
through bureaucratic layers
58
central planning system: what was meant by managers having to 'balance the books'
paying for fuel, raw materials and labour from their enterprises income
59
central planning system: what could managers who failed to meet targets find themselves accused of
wrecking
60
central planning system: who were bonuses paid to
enterprises that exceeded targets
61
what were changes in agricultural organisation seen as a prerequisitie for
rapid industrialisation
62
why was surplus grain needed
for export and to enable the purchase of industrial equipment and to feed a growing industrial workforce
63
what did stalins great turn involve a move towards
collective frming
64
what was hoped of collectives
would provide for more efficient farming, give more opportunity for mechanisation, make grain collection easier and socialise the peasants
65
what did stalin believe that some of grain procurement problems were caused by
the kulaks, who understood how to make money by holding back supplies
66
what did stalin announce in December 1929
that he would annihilate the kulaks as a class
67
what were the red army and cheka used for
to execute, identify or deport the kulaks
68
how did some peasants try to avoid being labelled as kulaks
by killing their livestock and destroying their crops- added to rural probems
69
in January 1930, stalin announced that what percentage of grain farming areas were to be collectivised that year
25%
70
what did collectivisation go hand in hand with
the destruction of the kulaks, whos treatment was designed to frighten poorer peasants into joining kolkhoz collectives
71
march 1930, what percentage of peasants households had been collectivied
58%
72
why was a brief return to voluntary collectiiviasation permitted until after the harvest had been collected in 1930
the speed of collectivisation created hostility stalin accused party members of becoming dizzy with success
73
what happened upon the return to voluntary collectivisation 1930
numbers immediately began to fall back | October 1930, only around 20% households still collectivised
74
collectivisation stage one
1929-30
75
collectivisation stage 2
1930-41
76
how did the second stage of collectivisation proceed
at a slower pace and accompanied by the establishment of 2500 machine tractor stations
77
why were mts introduced
to provide seed and maintain the hire machinery to the kolkhozes
78
mts secondary purpose
to ensure quotas were collected and to control countryside by dealing with trouble makers
79
problems with dekulakisation
inhumane and removed 10 million of the most successful farmers
80
why did livestock numbers not exceed pre-collectivisaion until 1953
grain and livestock destroyed by peasants
81
what did unrealistic procurement quotas lead to
peasants being forced to hand over almost all of their grain in some areas
82
why were the collectives poorly organised
the party actitivsts who helped establish them knew nothing of farming too few tractors, insufficient animals to pull plouhs and lack of fertilisers
83
why was there a famine in spring 1932 in the Ukraine
October 1931 dought and kulak deportations
84
what happened to anyone who stole from a collective under a law of august 1932
could be jailed for 10 yeara
85
what did further decrees give 10 year sentences for
any attempt to sell meat or grain before quotas were filled, and internal passports were brought in to stop peasants leaving collectives
86
what did peasants refer to collectivisation as
second serfdom
87
why did peasants see little incentive to work hard
never received share o profits of collective farm they were promised
88
what was the peasants only interest and why
their private plots as they could grow goods to sell in the market place
89
how did the state seem to achieve its purpose in promoting collectivisation overall
the industrial workforce was fed and exports of grain increased
90
who were the agricultural improvements at the cost of
the peasants themselves

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