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history > 11. Poltical Authority, Oppositipn And The State Of Russia In Wartime > Flashcards

11. Poltical Authority, Oppositipn And The State Of Russia In Wartime Flashcards

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1
Q

political problems of tsardom in wartime: how was tsars decision to go to war in 1914 initially popular

A

supported by wave of anti german sentiment

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2
Q

political problems of tsardom in wartime: what happened to strike activity and extremist when tsar announced decision to go to war

A

strike activity ceased, extremists imprisoned

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3
Q

political problems of tsardom in wartime: why did duma dissolve itself in coming of war

A

didnt want to burden country with unnecessary politics

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4
Q

political problems of tsardom in wartime: what did st petersburg become

A

petrograd

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5
Q

political problems of tsardom in wartime: when was spirit of national solidarity dampened

A

initial victories gave way to defeat at hands of germand in Battle of Tannenburg

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6
Q

political problems of tsardom in wartime: reports of what inflamed simmering discontent in russian capital

A

military incompetence

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7
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what were military zones set up in July 1914

A

all civillian authority suspended and military assumed command

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8
Q

wartime gov and organisation: why did liberal zemstva oppose military zones

A

regarded gov as insensitive to needs of people and believed civilians had major part to play in running the war

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9
Q

wartime gov and organisation: why was govs decision to ban sale of alcohol 1914 resented

A

vodka regarded as a near essential

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10
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what did zemstva establish to provide medical facilities which state seemed to neglect

A

union of zemstva

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11
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what initiative came from factory owners and businessmen

A

congress of reps of industry and business

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12
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what did congress of reps of industry and businessmen do

A

helped coordinate production

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13
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what joined togehter in June 1915 to form all russian union of zemstva and cities

A

existing zemstva and municipal dumas

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14
Q

wartime gov and organisation: who was all russian union of zemstvas and cities chaired by

A

Prince Lvov

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15
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what did all russian union of zemstva and cities soon turn into

A

liberal focus for discontent

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16
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what did progressive bloc demand

A

the tsar change his ministers and establish a gov of public confidence

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17
Q

wartime gov and organisation: who set up progressive bloc

A

some deputies from fourth duma

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18
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what did NII do in response to progressive blocs demands

A

suspended all sittings of duma in sept and remained closed until jan 1917

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19
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what did NII decide to do following defeats in Galicia

A

take on role of commander in chief of russian army

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20
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what was NII decision to take on role of commander in chief not wise

A

hed already lost confidence and support of russian general staff and didnt possess military experience to turn war effort around

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21
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what effect did NII commander in chief have

A

made him appear yet more responsible for varying disasters and distanced him more from developments in Petrograd

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22
Q

wartime gov and organisation: why began to meddle in political appointments and policy in city

A

rasputin

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23
Q

wartime gov and organisation: what rumours were circulating about Alexandra

A

deliberately sabotaging war effort

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24
Q

wartime gov and organisation: who warned nicholas of rasputins unpopularity

A

president of fourth duma, Mikhail Rodzianko

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25
Q

wartime gov and organisation: why did NII not take action against rasputin

A

his wife relied on him heavily

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26
Q

wartime gov and organisation: who murdered rasputin 17 december 1916

A

tsars nephew and his accomplice

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27
Q

wartime gov and organisation: how did NII seem unaware/unconcerned about political demands

A

in letters home he seemed more concerned about childrens measles than starving children

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28
Q

economic and social problems created by war: how was russian economy showing strains of war by Christmas 1914

A

serious shortage of munitions and prospect of a long war was daunting

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29
Q

military issues: how many men did gov manage to mobilise between 1914-17

A

15 million

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30
Q

military issues: how were soldiers sent to fight without adequate supplies

A

without suitable weaponary, lacking warm clothing and fitting, waterproof footwear

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31
Q

military issues: how many rifles did infantry have 1914

A

2 rifles for every 3 soldiers

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32
Q

military issues: what did soldiers have to rely on weaponary wise in early years

A

that of fallen comrades

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33
Q

military issues: what did quiet winter months of 1915-16 allow for

A

more time for training and production of ammunition

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34
Q

military issues: what did most front line units have by time of brusilov offensive june 1916

A

reasonable complement of machine guns and artillery shells

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35
Q

military issues: why did army have a serious lack of experienced officers by 1916

A

most killed by early stages of war

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36
Q

military issues: what led to 1.5 million desertions per year

A

heavy casualties and deteriorating economic and pol situation in russia

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37
Q

internal problems: what did spending on war rise to 1914-18

A

1914: 1500 million roubles

1918 14500 roubles

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38
Q

internal problems: what happened as a result of rural and industrial workforce being affected by increased military spending

A

women and children took on some mens work but production slumped at a time when country needed to be producing more

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39
Q

internal problems: what removed important industrial capacity in Germany and other parts of western russia

A

overrun by germans

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40
Q

internal problems: what brought russian trade to a standstill

A

naval blockades of baltic and black sea ports together with loss of overland routes to europe

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41
Q

internal problems: why did some in countryside do well out of war

A

conscription helped to relieve some of population pressure and those with grain and horses made money by supplying the military

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42
Q

internal problems: why did some hoard grain and foodstuffs they produced

A

prices offered by gov low, tools and equipment in short supply and it was hard to find essential household goods

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43
Q

internal problems: why did grain not always reach town workers even when it was released

A

inefficient distribution

44
Q

internal problems: why had railways been taken over

A

to transport men and goods to front line

45
Q

internal problems: what happened to foodstuffs that should have found their way to citites

A

left to rot beside railway beside railway sidings

46
Q

internal problems: why did town population swell

A

factories sought more workers for essential war industries

47
Q

internal problems: what did recruitment drive mean although armament manufacture improved

A

rifle prod x2

heavy artillery prod x4- at expense of civilian needs

48
Q

internal problems: why did unemployment soar in urban centres

A

non military factories deprived of vital supplies and forced to close

49
Q

internal problems: what financially crippled surviving industries

A

strikes and lockouts

50
Q

internal problems: how many workers on strike in moscow and petrograd Jan 1917

A

m 30,000

p 145000`

51
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why were streets of petrograd tense by winter of 1917

A

pent up frustrations of unemployed, starving and desperate

52
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: what was a hint of things to come

A

demonstration 150000 workers in petrograd on anniversary of bloody sunday

53
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why was order no 1 introduced

A

pressure from soldiers and from mutineers at Kronstadt caused petrograd soviet to agree that each regiment should elect committees and send reps to soviet

54
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: what was order no 1

A

charter of soldiers rights

55
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 all units to elect

A

deputy to soviet and agree to pol control of petrograd soviet

56
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 military commission of duma to be obeyed only if

A

agreed with soviets orders

57
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 alll weapons to be controlled by

A

elected soldiers committees

58
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: all soldiers to enjoy when off duty

A

full citizens rights

59
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 no honorific titles to be used for

A

officers

60
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 officers not to address soldiers in what form

A

ty form

61
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did NII never return to pretrograd

A

train diverted by rebellious railway workers and froced to stop as Pskov

62
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who was tsar under pressure to resign from

A

chief of general stafff

63
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did chief of general staff pressure NII to resign

A

he’d be reassured by an agreement on 1 march that petrograd soviet would recognise PG formed by members of duma

64
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who did chief of general staff suggest NII resign in favour of

A

his son

65
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: when did NII agree to cheif of general staffs demand

A

2 march

66
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did NII name GD Mikhail as new tsar

A

Alexei’s health too delicate

67
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: how did NII state Mikhail should lead country

A

‘in complete union with reps of people in legislative bodies on principles to be established by them and to take an inviolable oath to this effect

68
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who refused throne

A

Mikahil

69
Q

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: where were tsar and family placed

A

under house arrest along with most of members of tsars council of ministers

70
Q

prov gov: who led PG

A

prince Lvov

71
Q

prov gov: what did its members represent

A

cross section of influentual elites

72
Q

prov gov: what was its orginial intention

A

temporary and elections would be held asap for new constituent assembly

73
Q

prov gov: who was PG accepted as legitimate by

A

tsarist civil service, army officers and police

74
Q

prov gov: where did PG set up

A

in duma chamber in right wind of Tauride Palace in petrograd

75
Q

petrograd soviet: how did workers soliders and peasants regard PG

A

self appointed committee of wealthy, tainted by previous associations with tsardom

76
Q

petrograd soviet: who was it dominated by

A

mensheviks and SRs small no of bolsheviks

77
Q

petrograd soviet: where did it establish its HQ

A

left wing of tauride palace

78
Q

petrograd soviet: what was it primarily composed of

A

radical social intellectuals

79
Q

petrograd soviet: what did it seem to lack

A

confidence needed to assume direct control

80
Q

petrograd soviet: what agreement was reached thanks to kerensky

A

agreement to work together which laid foundations for period of dual power

81
Q

petrograd soviet: what did soviet make no attempt to demand

A

land redistribution or nationalisation of industry

82
Q

petrograd soviet: what promises of PG did soviet accept

A
  • general amnesty for pol prisoners
  • basic civil liberties
  • abolition of legal disabilities based on class, religion and nationality
  • right to organise TUs and to strike
  • constituent assembly elected
83
Q

petrograd soviet: what did PG allow freedom of

A

religion and the press

84
Q

petrograd soviet: what did PG abolish

A

death penalty at front

85
Q

petrograd soviet: who did PG replace tsarist police force with

A

peoples militia

86
Q

the dual power in action: why was dual power never going to be easy

A

mixture of radical and liberals ruling

87
Q

the dual power in action: what did order 1 state that made rule difficult

A

soldiers should obey PG but only when soviet agreed with pg

88
Q

the dual power in action: what did soviet encourage whilst PG tried to discipline deserters and restore order in towns and cities

A

encouraged peasants and workers to defy authority and assert their rights

89
Q

the dual power in action: what had the masses expected despite PGs belief that a change of regime should lead to all out effort to win the war

A

expected political changes to bring about an end to wartime deprivation

90
Q

the dual power in action: examples of workers and peasants disturbances that continued

A
  • military desertions and workers strikes

- peasants disturbances affected 34 districts march 1917 325 in july

91
Q

the dual power in action: what led to a massive anti war demonstration that forced milyukov and guchkov to resign

A

announcement april 1917 that gov would continue fighting until a just peace has been ensued

92
Q

the dual power in action: who were milyukov and guchov replaced by

A

socialists from the soviet

93
Q

the dual power in action: who was prince Lvov replaced as chairman by

A

Kerensky

94
Q

the dual power in action: why did ministerial changes alarm upper class

A

despair that gov had failed to protect their property, maintain order or win war aggravated by shift to left

95
Q

the dual power in action: which street riots exacerbated upper class fears

A

july days

96
Q

the dual power in action: who were the hopes of the elites transferred to

A

general kornilov who Kerensky had appointed as commander in chief of army

97
Q

the dual power in action: what did Kornilov order at end of august 1917

A

6 regiments of troops to march on Petrograd, presumably intending to crush the soviet and establish a military dictatorship

98
Q

the dual power in action: why did kornilov affair fail

A

Kerensky released imprisoned Bolsheviks and provided soviet with weapons from gov armouries to halt kornilovs advance

99
Q

the dual power in action: what was support for PG like by summer 1917

A

little support left

100
Q

the dual power in action: what were food supplies and wages like by end of summer 1917

A

food supplies chaotic in towns and although gov granted 8 hour day, real wages fell rapidly in 1917 as prices rose

101
Q

the dual power in action: why was hope of workers that unions and factory committees would be able to improve their lot dashed

A

august when right of factory owners to dismiss workers who went on strike was confirmed and meetings of factory committees during working hours were forbidden

102
Q

the dual power in action: what lost pg support in countryside

A

continuation of war and govs failure to redistribute land

103
Q

the dual power in action: why did gov fail to redistribute land

A

claimed such an important issue had to be left until after Russia had a democratically elected assembly

104
Q

the dual power in action: what did peasants do when pg failed to redistribute land

A

took law into their own hands and seized it anyway

105
Q

the dual power in action: what suspicions were rife despite electoral commission being established in may to arrange elections for November

A

suspicion that bourgeois gov was deliberately delaying a move to greater demoncracy in order to preserve its power

106
Q

the dual power in action: which group benefitted most from widespread disillusionment

A

Bolsheviks

history (44 decks)

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