11. Poltical Authority, Oppositipn And The State Of Russia In Wartime Flashcards by rhiannon Pearce

political problems of tsardom in wartime: how was tsars decision to go to war in 1914 initially popular

supported by wave of anti german sentiment

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political problems of tsardom in wartime: what happened to strike activity and extremist when tsar announced decision to go to war

strike activity ceased, extremists imprisoned

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political problems of tsardom in wartime: why did duma dissolve itself in coming of war

didnt want to burden country with unnecessary politics

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political problems of tsardom in wartime: what did st petersburg become

petrograd

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political problems of tsardom in wartime: when was spirit of national solidarity dampened

initial victories gave way to defeat at hands of germand in Battle of Tannenburg

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political problems of tsardom in wartime: reports of what inflamed simmering discontent in russian capital

military incompetence

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wartime gov and organisation: what were military zones set up in July 1914

all civillian authority suspended and military assumed command

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wartime gov and organisation: why did liberal zemstva oppose military zones

regarded gov as insensitive to needs of people and believed civilians had major part to play in running the war

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wartime gov and organisation: why was govs decision to ban sale of alcohol 1914 resented

vodka regarded as a near essential

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wartime gov and organisation: what did zemstva establish to provide medical facilities which state seemed to neglect

union of zemstva

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wartime gov and organisation: what initiative came from factory owners and businessmen

congress of reps of industry and business

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wartime gov and organisation: what did congress of reps of industry and businessmen do

helped coordinate production

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wartime gov and organisation: what joined togehter in June 1915 to form all russian union of zemstva and cities

existing zemstva and municipal dumas

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wartime gov and organisation: who was all russian union of zemstvas and cities chaired by

Prince Lvov

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wartime gov and organisation: what did all russian union of zemstva and cities soon turn into

liberal focus for discontent

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wartime gov and organisation: what did progressive bloc demand

the tsar change his ministers and establish a gov of public confidence

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wartime gov and organisation: who set up progressive bloc

some deputies from fourth duma

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wartime gov and organisation: what did NII do in response to progressive blocs demands

suspended all sittings of duma in sept and remained closed until jan 1917

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wartime gov and organisation: what did NII decide to do following defeats in Galicia

take on role of commander in chief of russian army

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wartime gov and organisation: what was NII decision to take on role of commander in chief not wise

hed already lost confidence and support of russian general staff and didnt possess military experience to turn war effort around

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wartime gov and organisation: what effect did NII commander in chief have

made him appear yet more responsible for varying disasters and distanced him more from developments in Petrograd

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wartime gov and organisation: why began to meddle in political appointments and policy in city

rasputin

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wartime gov and organisation: what rumours were circulating about Alexandra

deliberately sabotaging war effort

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wartime gov and organisation: who warned nicholas of rasputins unpopularity

president of fourth duma, Mikhail Rodzianko

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wartime gov and organisation: why did NII not take action against rasputin

his wife relied on him heavily

wartime gov and organisation: who murdered rasputin 17 december 1916

tsars nephew and his accomplice

wartime gov and organisation: how did NII seem unaware/unconcerned about political demands

in letters home he seemed more concerned about childrens measles than starving children

economic and social problems created by war: how was russian economy showing strains of war by Christmas 1914

serious shortage of munitions and prospect of a long war was daunting

military issues: how many men did gov manage to mobilise between 1914-17

15 million

military issues: how were soldiers sent to fight without adequate supplies

without suitable weaponary, lacking warm clothing and fitting, waterproof footwear

military issues: how many rifles did infantry have 1914

2 rifles for every 3 soldiers

military issues: what did soldiers have to rely on weaponary wise in early years

that of fallen comrades

military issues: what did quiet winter months of 1915-16 allow for

more time for training and production of ammunition

military issues: what did most front line units have by time of brusilov offensive june 1916

reasonable complement of machine guns and artillery shells

military issues: why did army have a serious lack of experienced officers by 1916

most killed by early stages of war

military issues: what led to 1.5 million desertions per year

heavy casualties and deteriorating economic and pol situation in russia

internal problems: what did spending on war rise to 1914-18

1914: 1500 million roubles | 1918 14500 roubles

internal problems: what happened as a result of rural and industrial workforce being affected by increased military spending

women and children took on some mens work but production slumped at a time when country needed to be producing more

internal problems: what removed important industrial capacity in Germany and other parts of western russia

overrun by germans

internal problems: what brought russian trade to a standstill

naval blockades of baltic and black sea ports together with loss of overland routes to europe

internal problems: why did some in countryside do well out of war

conscription helped to relieve some of population pressure and those with grain and horses made money by supplying the military

internal problems: why did some hoard grain and foodstuffs they produced

prices offered by gov low, tools and equipment in short supply and it was hard to find essential household goods

internal problems: why did grain not always reach town workers even when it was released

inefficient distribution

internal problems: why had railways been taken over

to transport men and goods to front line

internal problems: what happened to foodstuffs that should have found their way to citites

left to rot beside railway beside railway sidings

internal problems: why did town population swell

factories sought more workers for essential war industries

internal problems: what did recruitment drive mean although armament manufacture improved

rifle prod x2 | heavy artillery prod x4- at expense of civilian needs

internal problems: why did unemployment soar in urban centres

non military factories deprived of vital supplies and forced to close

internal problems: what financially crippled surviving industries

strikes and lockouts

internal problems: how many workers on strike in moscow and petrograd Jan 1917

m 30,000 | p 145000`

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why were streets of petrograd tense by winter of 1917

pent up frustrations of unemployed, starving and desperate

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: what was a hint of things to come

demonstration 150000 workers in petrograd on anniversary of bloody sunday

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why was order no 1 introduced

pressure from soldiers and from mutineers at Kronstadt caused petrograd soviet to agree that each regiment should elect committees and send reps to soviet

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: what was order no 1

charter of soldiers rights

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 all units to elect

deputy to soviet and agree to pol control of petrograd soviet

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 military commission of duma to be obeyed only if

agreed with soviets orders

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 alll weapons to be controlled by

elected soldiers committees

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: all soldiers to enjoy when off duty

full citizens rights

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 no honorific titles to be used for

officers

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: order no 1 officers not to address soldiers in what form

ty form

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did NII never return to pretrograd

train diverted by rebellious railway workers and froced to stop as Pskov

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who was tsar under pressure to resign from

chief of general stafff

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did chief of general staff pressure NII to resign

he'd be reassured by an agreement on 1 march that petrograd soviet would recognise PG formed by members of duma

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who did chief of general staff suggest NII resign in favour of

his son

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: when did NII agree to cheif of general staffs demand

2 march

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: why did NII name GD Mikhail as new tsar

Alexei's health too delicate

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: how did NII state Mikhail should lead country

'in complete union with reps of people in legislative bodies on principles to be established by them and to take an inviolable oath to this effect

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: who refused throne

Mikahil

opp to autocracy and pol collapse feb/march 1917: where were tsar and family placed

under house arrest along with most of members of tsars council of ministers

prov gov: who led PG

prince Lvov

prov gov: what did its members represent

cross section of influentual elites

prov gov: what was its orginial intention

temporary and elections would be held asap for new constituent assembly

prov gov: who was PG accepted as legitimate by

tsarist civil service, army officers and police

prov gov: where did PG set up

in duma chamber in right wind of Tauride Palace in petrograd

petrograd soviet: how did workers soliders and peasants regard PG

self appointed committee of wealthy, tainted by previous associations with tsardom

petrograd soviet: who was it dominated by

mensheviks and SRs small no of bolsheviks

petrograd soviet: where did it establish its HQ

left wing of tauride palace

petrograd soviet: what was it primarily composed of

radical social intellectuals

petrograd soviet: what did it seem to lack

confidence needed to assume direct control

petrograd soviet: what agreement was reached thanks to kerensky

agreement to work together which laid foundations for period of dual power

petrograd soviet: what did soviet make no attempt to demand

land redistribution or nationalisation of industry

petrograd soviet: what promises of PG did soviet accept

- general amnesty for pol prisoners - basic civil liberties - abolition of legal disabilities based on class, religion and nationality - right to organise TUs and to strike - constituent assembly elected

petrograd soviet: what did PG allow freedom of

religion and the press

petrograd soviet: what did PG abolish

death penalty at front

petrograd soviet: who did PG replace tsarist police force with

peoples militia

the dual power in action: why was dual power never going to be easy

mixture of radical and liberals ruling

the dual power in action: what did order 1 state that made rule difficult

soldiers should obey PG but only when soviet agreed with pg

the dual power in action: what did soviet encourage whilst PG tried to discipline deserters and restore order in towns and cities

encouraged peasants and workers to defy authority and assert their rights

the dual power in action: what had the masses expected despite PGs belief that a change of regime should lead to all out effort to win the war

expected political changes to bring about an end to wartime deprivation

the dual power in action: examples of workers and peasants disturbances that continued

- military desertions and workers strikes | - peasants disturbances affected 34 districts march 1917 325 in july

the dual power in action: what led to a massive anti war demonstration that forced milyukov and guchkov to resign

announcement april 1917 that gov would continue fighting until a just peace has been ensued

the dual power in action: who were milyukov and guchov replaced by

socialists from the soviet

the dual power in action: who was prince Lvov replaced as chairman by

Kerensky

the dual power in action: why did ministerial changes alarm upper class

despair that gov had failed to protect their property, maintain order or win war aggravated by shift to left

the dual power in action: which street riots exacerbated upper class fears

july days

the dual power in action: who were the hopes of the elites transferred to

general kornilov who Kerensky had appointed as commander in chief of army

the dual power in action: what did Kornilov order at end of august 1917

6 regiments of troops to march on Petrograd, presumably intending to crush the soviet and establish a military dictatorship

the dual power in action: why did kornilov affair fail

Kerensky released imprisoned Bolsheviks and provided soviet with weapons from gov armouries to halt kornilovs advance

the dual power in action: what was support for PG like by summer 1917

little support left

the dual power in action: what were food supplies and wages like by end of summer 1917

food supplies chaotic in towns and although gov granted 8 hour day, real wages fell rapidly in 1917 as prices rose

the dual power in action: why was hope of workers that unions and factory committees would be able to improve their lot dashed

august when right of factory owners to dismiss workers who went on strike was confirmed and meetings of factory committees during working hours were forbidden

the dual power in action: what lost pg support in countryside

continuation of war and govs failure to redistribute land

the dual power in action: why did gov fail to redistribute land

claimed such an important issue had to be left until after Russia had a democratically elected assembly

the dual power in action: what did peasants do when pg failed to redistribute land

took law into their own hands and seized it anyway

the dual power in action: what suspicions were rife despite electoral commission being established in may to arrange elections for November

suspicion that bourgeois gov was deliberately delaying a move to greater demoncracy in order to preserve its power

the dual power in action: which group benefitted most from widespread disillusionment

Bolsheviks

11. Poltical Authority, Oppositipn And The State Of Russia In Wartime Flashcards

(106 cards)