5: opposition 1855-1894

Question 1

what stimulated opposition in AII reign

Answer 1

hope and disappointment brought by reforms

Question 2

what did initial relaxation of censorship encourage

Answer 2

spread of radical literature

Question 3

what did relaxation of controls on education increase

Answer 3

no of independently minded students

Question 4

what did creation of zemstvas and dumas provide

Answer 4

platform for educated intellectuals to challenge tsarist policies

Question 5

what did reform in judicial system produce

Answer 5

professionally trained lawyers skilled in art of persuasion

ready to challenge autocratic practices

Question 6

why was moderate liberate opposition only small scale

Answer 6

only few literate and educated russians

Question 7

what did liberal intellectuals have benefit of

Answer 7

education, time, wealth and interest to reflect on political matters

Question 8

what did some intelligentsia seek the truth via

Answer 8

philosophical ideas eg nihilism/anarchy

Question 9

what 2 categories did most liberal members of opposition fall into

Answer 9

slavophiles and westernisers

Question 10

what did westernisers want

Answer 10

to catch up with the west by copying western ways

Question 11

what did slavophiles favour

Answer 11

a superior Russian path to a better future

Question 12

what was westernising liberal oppositions aim

Answer 12

reform the autocracy so the tsar would listen and rule in conjunction with his subjects

Question 13

how did AII respond to st pt zemstva demanding a central body

Answer 13

he stood firmly against proposal

Question 14

why did the attractions of the slavophiles diminish in 1890s

Answer 14

country moved forward towards industrialisation

Question 15

why did industrialisation split the intelligentsia

Answer 15

some attracted by Marxist theory and some maintained more liberal stance

Question 16

what happened in 1891-92 that left zemstva responsible for relief work

Answer 16

famine

tsarist gov didn’t take actions

Question 17

what did famine provide evidence for

Answer 17

change needed

Question 18

among which group of people did a more radical strand of opposition develop

Answer 18

younger generation

Question 19

what were young Russia held responsible for in june 1862

Answer 19

a series of fires in capital

Question 20

who was ‘the organisation’ set up by in 1863 and what was made

Answer 20

students at Moscow university

more calls for reform made

Question 21

what was student idealism and determination heightened by

Answer 21

increased repression of later 1860s and influence of radical socialist writers

Question 22

what was chernyshevsky the author of

Answer 22

the contemporary and what is to be done?

Question 23

what did chernyshevskys writings suggest

Answer 23

peasants had to be made leaders of revolutionary change

Question 24

what did Herzen advocate in his journal

Answer 24

new peasant based social structure

Question 25

what did herzen call on followers to do in 1869

Answer 25

go to the people

Question 26

what view did Bakunin put forward

Answer 26

private ownership of land should be replaced by collective ownership and income should be based on number of hours worked

Question 27

how did Bakunin help to introduce Marxism into russia

Answer 27

translated marx's communist manifesto into russian

Question 28

when was the Tchaikovsky circle set up

Answer 28

1868-69

Question 29

what was the Tchaikovsky circle

Answer 29

literary society that organised printing, publishing and distribution of scientific and revolutionary literature

Question 30

what did the circle seek

Answer 30

social revolution

Question 31

what did the circle start to do from 1872

Answer 31

organise workers with the intention of sending them to work among peasants in countryside

Question 32

another name for the populists

Answer 32

narodniks

Question 33

what was the idea behind populism

Answer 33

going to the people

Question 34

what did lavrov persuade a group of 2000 people to do in 1874

Answer 34

travel to countryside to persuade peasantry that the future of Russia depended on development of peasant commune

Question 35

what did the populists aim to exploit

Answer 35

the resentment felt since the emancipation about ack of land and tax burden

Question 36

why were the populist incomers reported to the authorities by the peasants

Answer 36

peasants ignorance, superstition, prejudice and deep rooted loyalty to tsar

Question 37

how did nardodnysim have a benefit

Answer 37

helped to take radical opposition away from underground meeting rooms and into countryside helped to make gov more aware of opponents

Question 38

when was land and liberty set up

Answer 38

1877

Question 39

what did land and liberty continue

Answer 39

populist traditions

Question 40

what did land and liberty members seek

Answer 40

work within peasant commune but in less obtrusive manner than narodniks

Question 41

what did some members of land and liberty carry out

Answer 41

political assassinations

Question 42

when did the land and liberty organisation split

Answer 42

1879

Question 43

into what 2 groups did land and liberty split into

Answer 43

black repartition and the peoples will

Question 44

who organised black repartition

Answer 44

Plekhanov

Question 45

why did black repartition take such name

Answer 45

wanted to share black soil provinces of Russia among peasants

Question 46

what were the hopes of black repartitions

Answer 46

stimulating social change without violence

Question 47

how did black repartition set about achieving their aims

Answer 47

worked peacefully among peasantry

Question 48

what was black repartition severely weakened by

Answer 48

series of arrests in 1880-81

Question 49

who led peoples will

Answer 49

mikhailov

Question 50

how did mikhailov keep group informed of secret police activities

Answer 50

planted a spy in third section

Question 51

what methods did peoples will advocate

Answer 51

violent ones, undermining gov by assassinating officials

Question 52

how did AII assassination mark a turning point

Answer 52

security stepped up and new tsar retired to fortitfied castle

Question 53

what effect did increased security have

Answer 53

ended populist movement

Question 54

which forms of opposition continued underground after AII assassination

Answer 54

self education circles who translated writings of foreign socialists contact with radicals in exile in west maintained

Question 55

what did Plekhanov establish from Switzerland in 1883

Answer 55

emancipation of labour group

Question 56

what did emancipation of labour group do

Answer 56

translated and arranged for Marxist tracts to be smuggled into Russia sought to demonstrate Marxism fully applicable to russia

Question 57

how did industrialisation benefit opposition groups

Answer 57

numbers of workers organisations, illegal trade unions, Marxist discussion circles and other groups developed- spreading Marxist ideas