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history > 7: political authority, revolution and duma NII > Flashcards

7: political authority, revolution and duma NII Flashcards

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1
Q

how had NII been brought up

A

to take his duties as a ruler seriously

to believe any concessions/signs of weakness would be indications of cowardice and failure

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2
Q

who was NII tutor

A

Pobedonostev

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3
Q

what did NII declare he was resolved to shortly before his coronation

A

‘maintain the principle of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father’

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4
Q

what did nII commitment to orthodoxy ensure

A

the church maintained its powerful influence

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5
Q

why was NII unpopular with ethnic minorities

A

continued russification and support for black hundreds

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6
Q

why had Russian society become more criticised in the year after 1894

A

great famine 1891-92

failure of tsarist gov to deal with crisis

left zemstva and vol organisations to provide necessary relief work

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7
Q

what did the failure of gov correspondence to great famine lead to

A

greater public mistrust of govs competence and firmer belief in power of ordinary members of society to play a role in nations affairs

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8
Q

which groups developed a wider support base than ever by 1900

A

reformist groups

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9
Q

how were outbursts of trouble in universities resolved

A

increased use of okhrana

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10
Q

the years of the red cockerel

A

so many instances of arson in rural communities that nickname was coined

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11
Q

where was the unrest at its worst

A

central Russian provinces where landlord/peasant relationship was still at its most traditional

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12
Q

what did peasant unrest consist of

A

they set fire to landlords barns, destroying grain/ vented anger by seizing woodland/pasture

even physically attacked landlords and officials

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13
Q

who was the tsars minister

A

pyotr stolypin

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14
Q

how did stolypin deal with peasant disturbances

A

with ferocity that aggravated situation further

peasants flogged, arrested and exiled, shot in thousands

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15
Q

stolypins necktie

A

gallows became referred to this due to constant use

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16
Q

industrial strikes 1894 vs 1904

A

1894- 17000

1904- 90000

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17
Q

who was the Moscow chief of the okhrana

A

Zubatov

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18
Q

how did zubatox try to control proliferation of illegal unions in 1900

A

began organising own police-sponsored trade unions

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19
Q

what was the idea behind police sponsored trade unions

A

provide official channels through which complaints could be heard, in an attempt to prevent workers joining radical socialists

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20
Q

how successful was zubatovs idea

A

only lasted until 1903

Zubatov dismissed and exiled after one of his unions because involved in general strike in Odessa

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21
Q

what was formed in 1904

A

another union on zubatov model

Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers by Father Gapon

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22
Q

who was Gapons union approved by and how much support did it have

A

approved by minister of internal affairs Plehve and had support of church

soon had 12 branches and 8000 members

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23
Q

what is Plehve accredited with encouraging the tsar to do

A

respond to a Japanese assault on the Russian naval base of port Arthur in jan 1904

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24
Q

how did plehve describe this response

A

a short swift victorious war which woud detract from the tide of unrest at home

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25
how did the Russians underestimate the 'short swift victorious war'
had little idea of their enemy/inadequacies of their own forces
26
what effect did a series of defeats have on the initial surge of anti Japanese patriotism
turned into one of opposition to the government
27
what happened when plehve was assassinated july 1904
crowds in warsaw turned out to streets to celebrate
28
who replaced plehve
mirsky, in nov 1904
29
how did mirsky respond to renewed cries for a representative national assembly
reluctantly agreed to invite zemtvo representatives to come to st pt for discussions
30
what were NII reasons for not agreeing to a representative form of government
considered it harmful to the people whom god has entrusted to me
31
what did Nicholas concede to in response to cries for duma
an expansion of the rights of the zemstva
32
when did Russia surrender to the japanese
20 December 1904
33
why did a strike begin at the putilov iron works 3 jan 1905
humiliation of defeat added to growing discontent strike soon involved 150,000 workers
34
who decided to conduct peaceful march to winter palace on 9 jan 1905
political and economic grievances | father gapon
35
what did father gapon wish to present to nii on 9 January
a petition, demonstrating workers loyalty but also requesting reform
36
where was nii on 9 jan 1905
at his summer palace Tsarkoe Selo
37
what happe ned to the demonstrating workers jan 1905
12,000 troops used to break them up
38
what was the effect of bloody sunday
sparked an outbreak of rebellion which spread throughout empire
39
when did Nicholas agree to meet workers representatives
after 4 feb when his uncle was assassinated
40
how did Nicholas inflame sentiment when he met workers
suggested that marchers had been badly advised and that strikers should return to work
41
who did Nicholas replace the moderate mirsky with
Bulygin- minister for internal affairs Trepov- military governor of st pt both prepared to follow hard line policy
42
what was the state of the Russian empire oct 1905
- near to total collapse - strikes and demonstrations in all major cities, peasant uprisings, demands for independence from poles, finns, Latvians etc
43
what was st Petersburg soviet inspired and dominate by
inspired by union of unions and dominated by radical revs
44
why was st Petersburg soviet set up
to direct a general strike- began In Moscow at beginning of oct 1905
45
what did witte warn
country was on verge of a revolution that would sweep away thousands of years of history
46
what did trepov declare
the need for some moderate reform
47
what did grand duke nikolay threaten
to shoot himself unless reforms were instituted
48
when did the tsar agree to sign a decree promising constitutional reform
17 October 1905
49
what 3 things did the October manifesto promise
- grant civic freedom - establish state duma so allowing a voice to all classes of population - give state duma power to approve laws
50
how was the manifesto received
celebration on streets | crowds sang french revolutionary anthem and waved red flags
51
how did radicals urge workers to fight on despite GS being called off
workers bulletin read: we have been granted a constitution yet autocracy remains, we have been granted everything and yet we have been granted nothing
52
what did radical workers bulletin read in response to october manfesto
'we have been granted a constitution, yet autocracy remains. we have been granted everything, and yet we have been granted nothing'
53
how sincere was nII october manifesto
had no intention of becoming a constitutional monarch | few of his ministers had a real commitment to manifesto promises
54
what did trepov order troops to do in forcing striking workers back to their factories
'fire no blanks and spare no bullets'
55
why did the jews suffer in the final months of 1905
the right wing associated them with 'socialists and revolutionaries'
56
how were the jews treated in the final months of 1905
suffered terrible pogroms
57
how were the peasants treated in the final months of 1905
gangs sent to round up and flog peasants in a bid to restore order
58
on what date were St Petersburg Soviet leaders arrested
3 December
59
how did arrest of soviet leaders weaken revolutionary movement in the capital
leaders tried and exiled to siberia
60
what did new constitution consist of
- state duma - state council - and council of ministers
61
what did the fundemental laws reassert
NII autocratic power
62
what did article 4 state about nii autocratic power
'it is ordained by god himself that the tsars authority should be submitted to, not only out of fear but out of genuine sense of duty'
63
what did the tsar claim the right to do under the fundemental laws
- veto legislation - rule by decree in an emergency/when duma not in session - appoint and dismiss gov officials - dissolve duma as he wished - command russias forces - declare war, concede peace and negotiate treaties with foreign states - control military and household expensditure - overturn verdicts and sentences given in court of law - control orthodox church
64
how many dumas between 1905 and 1917
4
65
first duma dates
may-july 1906
66
who was first duma boycotted by
bolsheviks, srs and extreme right wing union of russian people
67
composition of first duma
overwhelmingly radical liberal
68
what did first duma bring about
extremely critical of tsar and brought about Wittes resignation
69
what did the first duma request in its 'address to the throne'
political amnesty abolition of state council transfer of ministerial responsibility to duma, compulsory seizure of lands of gentry, universal and direct male suffrage, abandonment of emergency laws, abolition of death penalty, reform of civil service
70
how did NII react to adress to throne
demands were totally inadmissable
71
what did first duma pass in relation to gov and demand
passed vote of no confidence in gov and demanded resignation of tsars ministers
72
how many weeks after vote of no confidence was duma dissolved
10
73
who did tsar replace goremykin as prime minister with
stolypin- even more hard line
74
nickname for first duma
duma of national hopes
75
second duma dates
Feb-June 1907
76
nickname for second duma
duma of national anger
77
why was the second duma even more oppositional than the first
number of extreme left wing increased | bolsheviks, mensheviks and srs participated
78
what did stolypin struggle to find support for in second duma
agrarian reform | resorted to passing legislation under tsars emergency powers act
79
what did stolypin do in response to second dumas refusal to ratify his agrarian reforms
spread a story about plot to assasinate tsar and dissolved duma arrested and exiled more radical delegates
80
what illegal emergency law did stolypin introduce to alter the franchise after dissolving the second duma
weight of peasants, workers and national minorities drastically reduced and representation of the gentry increased
81
nickname for third duma
duma of lords and lackeys
82
dates for third duma
nov 1907-june 1912
83
how many of gov proposals did third duma agree
2200/2500- more submissive duma
84
what was the fact that the third duma was confrontational a sign of
tsarist regime unpopularity
85
what were there disputes over within the third duma
naval staff, stolypins proposals to extend primary education and his local gov reform
86
when did the third duma have to be suspended twice
1911
87
why did third duma have to be suspended twice in 1911
while gov forced through legislation under emergency provisions
88
dates of fourth duma
nov 1912-1917
89
which prime minister replaced stolypin after his assassination in 1911
Kokostov
90
how can fourth duma be described
relatively docile body
91
what ddid kokostov say about fourth duma
'thank god we still have no parliament'
92
why did fourth dumas influence decline
kokostov ignored it and it was too divided to fight back
93
how did stolypin help to restore order in the countryside
august 1906- established court martials to deal with crimes deemed to be political in intent
94
how did the court respond to the resurfacing of labour troubles from 1912
turned its back and believed all could continue as it always had
95
why did NII sympathise with the union of the russian people
it reinforced is mystical belief of the unassialable bond between himself and his people
96
what was the courts distance from reality epitomised by
Rasputin
97
how did rasputin create distance between the court and the people
nicholas failed to take action against the queens interest in rasputin to heal aleksei, despite rasputins obviosu misdeeds- damaged reputation of people who he relied upon

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