6 social development

Question 1

what did russias traditional land based society move towards as industrialisation spread

Answer 1

one more focused on money, capital and wages

Question 2

landed elite

Answer 2

small but diverse group, mostly of noble status

Question 3

why did landed elites personal landholdings decline after emancipation edict

Answer 3

some sold out to pay off debts and others abandoned farming in favour of more rewarding professional activities

Question 4

what percentage of university professors came from hereditry nobilirt in 1880

Answer 4

nearly 1/5

Question 5

how many nobles owned their own business in Moscow by 1882

Answer 5

700

Question 6

how many nobles employed in transport, commerce and industry

Answer 6

2500

Question 7

why did Russia’s middle class begin to grow

Answer 7

urban and industrial expansion and an increase in educational opportunities

Question 8

what professions were in greater demand

Answer 8

bankers, doctors, teachers and administrators

Question 9

what did government contracts to build railways and state loans to set up factories provide

Answer 9

tremendous opportunities for those who were enterprising

Question 10

what opportunities were there at the lower end of the scale

Answer 10

more opportunities to take up management positions or set up as workshop owners and traders

Question 11

what was the expansion of industry accompanied by

Answer 11

a growth in the urban population

Question 12

how small was the number of urban workers in this period

Answer 12

no more than 2% population

Question 13

what was it very common for peasants to do

Answer 13

move to the towns to work temporarily whist returning to their villages to help in busy times, such as harvest

Question 14

why did some peasants sell up and leave the countryside

Answer 14

to either join a migrant group building railways or to become urban workers

Question 15

what percentage of inhabitants in st Petersburg in 1864 were peasants by birth

Answer 15

1/3

Question 16

what were condiditons in the cities like

Answer 16

grim- the early factories paid little heed to their workers welfare

Question 17

what did the reforms in 1882-90 state

Answer 17

• regulation of child labour
• reduction in working hours
• reduction in excessive fines and payment in kind
• appointment of inspectors with powers to check up on working and living conditions

Question 18

how effective were the reforms

Answer 18

contributed very little towards improving the lives of the growing working class

Question 19

what were peasants attracted to the towns by

Answer 19

prospect of regular wages- rarely generous payments

Question 20

how many strikes between 1886-1894

Answer 20

33 per year

Question 21

how were the peasants divided

Answer 21

kulaks at the top

Question 22

how did kulaks buy up land

Answer 22

perhaps with aid of loans from peasants land bank

Question 23

what was life like for the poorest peasants

Answer 23

• getting harsher
• turned into landless labourers
• 1880 2/3 former serfs in Tambov region unable to feed household without falling into debt

Question 24

which area of peasants tended to be better off

Answer 24

areas of former state peasants tended to be better off than those of emancipated privately owned serfs

Question 25

why were former state owned peasants better off

Answer 25

been granted more land

Question 26

what was the average life expectancy for male and female peasants

Answer 26

• 27 M
• 29 W
• England: average 45

Question 27

what effect did economic change have on the peasantry

Answer 27

failed to improve the lot of the peasantry, may have affected them for the worse

Question 28

what percentage of the population subscribed to the orthodox church

Answer 28

70%

Question 29

what was Russia seen as, owing to tradition

Answer 29

Holy Land that had been chosen by god to save the world

tsar possessed a holiness which made him a saint on earth

Question 30

what had happened to church administration by late 19th century and effect on tsars position

Answer 30

church admin moved to holy synod and tsars position became more secular

Question 31

how did the regime use the church as a means of control

Answer 31

moral domination over superstitious and ill educated peasantry hugely beneficial to regime

Question 32

role of priests

Answer 32

had close ties with village and role assigned by state eg, read out manifestos and decrees, keep statisitics

Question 33

what did Pyotr Valuav set up the Ecclesaistical commission in response to in 1858

Answer 33

report expressing concern about clerical poverty and behaviour

Question 34

who was Pyotr Valuev

Answer 34

minister of internal affairs

Question 35

what did the ecclesiastical commission do

Answer 35

looked into church organisation and practice in 1862

Question 36

what reforms were introduced in 1868

Answer 36

to improve education of priests

Question 37

what were the church given increased control over under Ivan Delyanov

Answer 37

primary education

Question 38

what did the church possess strict controls over

Answer 38

-censorship

Question 39

what did the church courts judge

Answer 39

moral and social ‘crimes’

awarded punishments to those found guilty

Question 40

how many muslis and pagans converted to orthodoxy during aiiis reighn

Answer 40

8500 M

50000 P

Question 41

how many catholics and Lutherans converted to orthodoxy in Poland and Baltic provinces

Answer 41

40000 altogether