Disease of the ruminant urinary system including urolithiasis Flashcards
1
Q
How would you examine the urinary system?
A
- History - how long /other signs
- Frequency / ease of urination
- Urine - smell / appearance
- Rectal examination - L kidney, bladder, diseased ureters
- Catheterisation
- Prepuce
2
Q
What should ruminant urinalysis be?
A
- SG = 1.020- 1.045
- pH - alkaline
- Protein - usually trace only
- Glucose - usually trace
3
Q
What are clinical signs of urinary disease?
A
- Abdominal pain - pyelonephritis, calculi
- Dysuria - pyelonephritis, calculi, cystitis
- Haematuria
- Polyuria - diabetes mellitus (post FMD) diabetes insipidus, idiopathic
- Anuria - obstruction by calculi
- Oliguria - prerenal, renal or post renal
- Proteinuria - renal amyloidosis
4
Q
What causes haematuria?
A
– Pyelonephritis (+ pus)
– Cystitis
– Urolithiasis
– Enzootic haematuria
– Acute bracken poisoning
– Toxic nephrosis (Acorn)
– Glomerulonephritis, renal infarction
5
Q
What causes haemoglobinuria?
A
- Babesiosis - redwater
- Post-parturient haemoglobinuria
- Bacilliary haemoglobinuria
-clostriudum haemoliticum
6
Q
What are congenital abnormalities of urinary tract?
A
- Hypospadia - failure of closure of male urethra
- Patent urachus - urine from umbilicus
7
Q
What usually cause pyelonephritis?
A
- Corynebacterium renale
-more common in sucklers = venereal spread
-secondary to trauma (dystocia)
8
Q
What are signs of pyelonephritis?
A
- Chronic weight loss
- +/-mild pyrexia
- Appetite usually OK
- Dysuria
- Blood + pus in urine (check vulval hairs)
- Examine per-rectum - swollen kidney, bladder thickening
9
Q
What is treatment of pyelonephritis?
A
- Long course of antibiotic - penicillin / oxytet
- C. renale = sensitive to most AB
- E. coli = more resistant = amoxicillin / clavulanic acid
10
Q
What can cause cystitis? CS? Tx?
A
- Associated with pyelonephritis
- secondary to dystocia - ascending infection
- CS = similar to pyelonephritis - more straining
- Tx = ABs, same as pyelonephritis
11
Q
What are CS of amyloidosis?
A
- Off food & ill
- Profuse diarrhoea (DDX Johne’s disease)
- Generalised subcutaneous Oedema
- Polydipsia/polyuria
- Proteinuria
- Low plasma albumin
- Pale swollen kidneys
12
Q
What can cause haematuria?
A
- Enzootic haematuria
- Bracken poisoning
- Toxic nephrosis
- Pyelonephritis (+pus)
13
Q
What can cause enzootic haematuria?
A
- Benign tumours of blood vessels in bladder (haemangioma)
- Long term ingestion of bracken
- Older cows
- Teart pastures = high molybdenum
- Blood clots in urine
- Tumours in guts - SCC
14
Q
What does bracken poisoning cause?
A
- Contain thiaminase = toxic in horses
- Bright blindness = sheep retinal atrophy
- Enzootic haematuria = long term ingestion
- ## Gut tumours = sheep + cattle = long term
- Bone marrow toxicity
- Pancytopaenia & thrombocytopaenia
- Petechiae in mouth, conjunctiva, vulva etc
- Subcutaneous bruising
- Blood clots – nose, faeces
- Pyrexia & depression
- Diarrhoea (bloody)
- Haematuria
- Death
15
Q
What causes toxic nephrosis? CS?
A
- Oak (acorn) poisoning
-tannins in acorns = kidney damage
-sudden death
-anorexia, depression, bloat (ruminal stasis), constipation
-tarry diarrhoea