Disease of the ruminant urinary system including urolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

How would you examine the urinary system?

A
  • History - how long /other signs
  • Frequency / ease of urination
  • Urine - smell / appearance
  • Rectal examination - L kidney, bladder, diseased ureters
  • Catheterisation
  • Prepuce
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2
Q

What should ruminant urinalysis be?

A
  • SG = 1.020- 1.045
  • pH - alkaline
  • Protein - usually trace only
  • Glucose - usually trace
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3
Q

What are clinical signs of urinary disease?

A
  • Abdominal pain - pyelonephritis, calculi
  • Dysuria - pyelonephritis, calculi, cystitis
  • Haematuria
  • Polyuria - diabetes mellitus (post FMD) diabetes insipidus, idiopathic
  • Anuria - obstruction by calculi
  • Oliguria - prerenal, renal or post renal
  • Proteinuria - renal amyloidosis
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4
Q

What causes haematuria?

A

– Pyelonephritis (+ pus)
– Cystitis
– Urolithiasis
– Enzootic haematuria
– Acute bracken poisoning
– Toxic nephrosis (Acorn)
– Glomerulonephritis, renal infarction

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5
Q

What causes haemoglobinuria?

A
  • Babesiosis - redwater
  • Post-parturient haemoglobinuria
  • Bacilliary haemoglobinuria
    -clostriudum haemoliticum
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6
Q

What are congenital abnormalities of urinary tract?

A
  • Hypospadia - failure of closure of male urethra
  • Patent urachus - urine from umbilicus
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7
Q

What usually cause pyelonephritis?

A
  • Corynebacterium renale
    -more common in sucklers = venereal spread
    -secondary to trauma (dystocia)
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8
Q

What are signs of pyelonephritis?

A
  • Chronic weight loss
  • +/-mild pyrexia
  • Appetite usually OK
  • Dysuria
  • Blood + pus in urine (check vulval hairs)
  • Examine per-rectum - swollen kidney, bladder thickening
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9
Q

What is treatment of pyelonephritis?

A
  • Long course of antibiotic - penicillin / oxytet
  • C. renale = sensitive to most AB
  • E. coli = more resistant = amoxicillin / clavulanic acid
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10
Q

What can cause cystitis? CS? Tx?

A
  • Associated with pyelonephritis
  • secondary to dystocia - ascending infection
  • CS = similar to pyelonephritis - more straining
  • Tx = ABs, same as pyelonephritis
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11
Q

What are CS of amyloidosis?

A
  • Off food & ill
  • Profuse diarrhoea (DDX Johne’s disease)
  • Generalised subcutaneous Oedema
  • Polydipsia/polyuria
  • Proteinuria
  • Low plasma albumin
  • Pale swollen kidneys
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12
Q

What can cause haematuria?

A
  • Enzootic haematuria
  • Bracken poisoning
  • Toxic nephrosis
  • Pyelonephritis (+pus)
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13
Q

What can cause enzootic haematuria?

A
  • Benign tumours of blood vessels in bladder (haemangioma)
  • Long term ingestion of bracken
  • Older cows
  • Teart pastures = high molybdenum
  • Blood clots in urine
  • Tumours in guts - SCC
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14
Q

What does bracken poisoning cause?

A
  • Contain thiaminase = toxic in horses
  • Bright blindness = sheep retinal atrophy
  • Enzootic haematuria = long term ingestion
  • ## Gut tumours = sheep + cattle = long term
  • Bone marrow toxicity
  • Pancytopaenia & thrombocytopaenia
  • Petechiae in mouth, conjunctiva, vulva etc
  • Subcutaneous bruising
  • Blood clots – nose, faeces
  • Pyrexia & depression
  • Diarrhoea (bloody)
  • Haematuria
  • Death
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15
Q

What causes toxic nephrosis? CS?

A
  • Oak (acorn) poisoning
    -tannins in acorns = kidney damage
    -sudden death
    -anorexia, depression, bloat (ruminal stasis), constipation
    -tarry diarrhoea
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16
Q

What causes bacilliary haemoglobinuria? CS? Control?

A
  • Wet, High pH land in Southwest UK
  • Cl. haemolyticum - in soil + dormant in liver
  • migrating fluke = trigger spores (blacks disease)
  • CS = pyrexia, jaundice, anaemia, oedema, Hburia
  • Control = Vaccinate (blacks disease), fluke control
17
Q

What causes babesiosis? What animals are effected?

A
  • Babesia divergens - tick borne
  • CS in older non-immune animals
    -premunity in young - from early infection
18
Q

What are clinical signs of babesia?

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Anaemia + Hb-uria (port-wine urine)
  • Diarrhoea (pipe stem faeces)
  • Later =
    -constipated
    -temperature drop
    -anaemic / jaundice
19
Q

Dx of babesia? Tx?

A
  • Dx =
    -Blood smear - capillary blood from ear
    -Thin smear
    -Parasites in RBC
    -Evidence of anaemia
  • Tx = Imidocarb
20
Q

What causes post-partum haemoglobinuria?

A
  • Low phosphorus diet = lush spring grass + sugar beet pulp
  • Kale, rape, turnips
21
Q

CS + Tx of post=partum haemoglobinuria?

A
  • CS =
    -sudden onset
    -haemoglobinuria, pallor, jaundice
    -collapse, dyspnoea + death
  • Tx = Phosphorus + Blood transfusion
    -One transfusion is safe
    -use Sodium citrate as anti-coagulant
    -raise jugular + collect 5L into empty + cleaned drench bottle
22
Q

What ruminants tend to get urolithiasis?

A
  • 2-4 month old ram lambs
  • Mature goats that were castrated in first few days of life
  • Bull beef calves on high concentrate diet
23
Q

What are urolithiasis associated with?

A
  • Ca:P imbalance in diet
  • High concentrate diet
  • Water deprivation
  • Interactions e.g. forage quality and concentrate intake
  • History of diet change in mature animals
  • Inappropriate material used in feeds
24
Q

What are signs associated with calculi?

A
  • Restlessness – mild to severe
  • Abdominal pain (kicking) & straining (hiccups)
  • Dysuria or anuria – dry floor - management
  • Preputial crystals/sand
  • Progressive till urethra and/or bladder ruptures.
  • Is swelling in abdomen or under skin ?
  • Bladder rupture – initially brighter!
    -high urea & creatinine in plasma/abdominal fluid
25
Q

Where are calculi likely to be?

A
  • Sigmoid flexure
  • Vermiform appendage
  • Pelvic urethra
26
Q

How do you diagnose urolithiasis?

A
  • Abdominal palpation
    -distended bladder, free fluid wave, SC fluid pitting
  • Hair of ventral abdomen - ‘sand’ around preputial orifice
  • Examination of penis - exteriorise
  • Radiography +/- contrast - replaced by US
  • US - SC tissue, free fluid, bladder, kidney
  • Abdominocentesis
  • Palpate urethra per rectum
  • Blood sample = urea/creatinine, potassium, PCV, TP
27
Q

What is treatment of urolithiasis?

A
  • Relaxants = buscopan / xylazine
  • Casualty slaughter
  • DO NOT send home + ignore
28
Q

What should be done if bladder rupture or cannot be catheterized?

A
  • GA, laparotomy + repair bladder
  • Can also flush stone from bladder out of urethra
29
Q

How would you perform urethostomy?

A
  • Standing & epidural anaesthesia.
  • Mid-line incision from 4” below anus in cattle.
  • Identify penis & blunt dissect.
  • Transect penis distally to leave a 4” proximal stump.
  • Suture stump to skin – not through urethra.
  • Leave indwelling catheter for a few days.
  • Do NOT allow to scab over
30
Q

If waterbelly / SC oedema, what should be done?

A
  • incise skin in multiple sites to produce drainage.
  • Necrosis, slough off and re-epithelialize.
  • Worse if a lot of s/c fat.
  • Bath/spray with salt water regularly
31
Q

How do you prevent reoccurence of uroliths?

A
  • Urinary acidification = ammonium chloride / acid sodium phosphate
  • Check diet - might be on wrong mix (lambs on ewe nuts)