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Question 1

hyaluronic acid in strep

Answer 1

component of capsule

Question 2

strep toxin

Answer 2

erythrogenic toxin that causes scarlet fever (red tongue, pharyngitis, wide rash that spares face)

Question 3

cancers that have spread to bone

Answer 3

prostate and breast

Question 4

laryngeal apaillomatosis

Answer 4

benign tumors in respiratory and digestive tract caused by HPV6

Question 5

high stress in colon

Answer 5

• diverticulosis on left
• angiodysplasia on right
• both present as hematochezia

Question 6

spinocerebellar tracts

Answer 6

located on periphery of spinal cord

Question 7

Km

Answer 7

is inversely proportional to the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate
- Km = 1/2 Vmax

Question 8

catalytic efficiency

Answer 8

kcat/Km

- takes into account substrate binding and activity

Question 9

double stranded RNA virus

Answer 9

reovirus (number 1 cause of childhood diarrhea)

Question 10

wheel like virus

Answer 10

rotavirus (reovirus)

Question 11

GI problems in diabetes

Answer 11

dysmotility (long standing nerve damage)

Question 12

pseudocholinesterase deficiency

Answer 12

can lead to prolonged blockade with neuromuscular blocker

Question 13

RSV vs parainfluenza virus

Answer 13

• RSV = most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in kids
• parainfluenza causes croup

Question 14

steeple sign

Answer 14

croup with inspiratory stridor

Question 15

croup vs whoop

Answer 15

croup = parainfluenza virus
whoop = bordetella pertussis

Question 16

building blocks for heme

Answer 16

glycine and succinyl CoA

Question 17

Lewy bodies

Answer 17

• composed of alpha synuclein

- seen in parkinsons and Lewy body dementia

Question 18

senile plaques

Answer 18

• extracellular beta amyloid core
• amyloid synthesized by cleaving amyloid precursor protein
• seen in Alzheimer’s

Question 19

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 19

• intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein

- seen in Alzheimer’s

Question 20

tau protein

Answer 20

• insoluble cytoskeletal elements
• seen in Alzheimer’s
• number of tangles = worse

Question 21

Pick bodies

Answer 21

• hyperphosphorylated tau
• in frontotemporal dementia
• also with ubiquitinated TDP

Question 22

mechanism for infection inducing labor

Answer 22

maternal decidua releases prostaglandins, inducing labor

Question 23

loud P2

Answer 23

pulmonary hypertension

Question 24

blood flow in lung

Answer 24

in hypoxia, vessels constrict to divert blood to higher perfused areas

Question 25

HMG CoA reductase product

Answer 25

produces mevalonic acid for cholesterol synthesis

Question 26

relative risk reduction

Answer 26

remember it is 1 - RR

Question 27

clinical trial vs cohort study

Answer 27

cohort is observational, clinical trial has an intervention

Question 28

side effect of cyclosporine

Answer 28

increase in uric acid leading to kidney dysfunction

Question 29

confidence interval decreases with...

Answer 29

decreasing standard error (dependent on SD and sample size)

Question 30

what is split in DAG pathway

Answer 30

PIP2 is split into IP2 and DAG

Question 31

norepinephrine stimulates....

Answer 31

alpha 1, beta 1 and alpha 2 receptors

Question 32

posterior urethral valves

Answer 32

due to malformation of Wolffian ducts, can only occur in males

Question 33

acetyl CoA carboxylase

Answer 33

rate limiting step in FA synthesis, produces malonyl CoA

Question 34

loss of contractility occurs how long after ischemia

Answer 34

60 seconds

Question 35

MOA of triptans

Answer 35

serotonin agonists

Question 36

water restriction

Answer 36

- no increase in urine osmolality = diabetes insipidus (central increases after DDAVP, nephrogenic doesn't) - partial and polydipsia have slow increase with no additional increase with DDAVP

Question 37

labs in Kelinfelters

Answer 37

- low testosterone due to malformed testes - high LH and FSH (due to no feedback inhibition) - high estrogen (gynecomastia)

Question 38

high estrogen in liver disease

Answer 38

- less estrogen destruction | - alcohol inhibits testosterone synthesis

Question 39

timeline of starting coagulation necrosis in MI

Answer 39

4-12 hours in

Question 40

5' to 3' exonuclease activity

Answer 40

only DNA pol I (DNA pol III is only 3' to 5' activity) | - functions as a way to remove primer

Question 41

sucrose

Answer 41

fructose and glucose

Question 42

most common artery for aneurysm affecting CNIII

Answer 42

posterior communicating

Question 43

shrunken liver

Answer 43

fulminant hepatitis (can be caused by virus or inhaled anesthetics)

Question 44

first week of TB exposure

Answer 44

bacterial replication

Question 45

crescentic glomerulonephritis is due to deposition of....

Answer 45

fibrin

Question 46

S-100 brain tumor

Answer 46

neural crest derived Schwanoma

Question 47

vacuoles between cell bodies of neurons

Answer 47

Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease

Question 48

Charcot Boucard vs hypertensive arteriolar sclerosis

Answer 48

Charcot Bouchard = lacunar stroke with intraparenchymal hemorrhage - other does not have CT changes

Question 49

uremic disorder and bleeding

Answer 49

leads to qualitative platelet disorder and longer bleeding time - no effect on coag factors