5 LE Osseous Anatomy Flashcards

(71 cards)

1
Q

lower extremity is made up of:

A

pelvic girdle

lower limb

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2
Q

pelvic girdle (bony pelvis) bones

A

sacrum

hip bones

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3
Q

thigh bones

A

femur

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4
Q

lower leg bones

A

tibia

fibia

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5
Q

foot bones

A

tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges

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6
Q

pelvic girdle FCN

A

(1) weight being, force transmitted from trunk to femur or 1-3
(2) force transmission LE to axial
(3) movement

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7
Q

bipedal animals (human) center of gravity

A

along the spine due to diagonal femur

  • re-centers support of trunk
  • makes standing erect more efficient
  • enables bipedal walking + standing on 1 leg
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8
Q

pubic rami FCN

A

forms strut to maintain integrity and support of arch

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9
Q

sacrum

A

fusion of 5 vertebrae (S1 - S5)

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10
Q

coccyx

A

fusion of 4 vertebrae

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11
Q

bones of the hip bones (os coxae)

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

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12
Q

fusion of hip bones begins at

A

15-17 years of age

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13
Q

fusion of hip bones ends at

A

20-25 y`ears of age

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14
Q

acetabulum

A

(os coxae) socket for head of femur

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15
Q

obturator foramen

A

(os coxae) large passageway covered by tendinous membrane

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16
Q

features of the ilium

A

body
spines (4)
auricular surface
greater sciatic notch

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17
Q

spines of the ilium

A

(1) anterior superior iliac spine ASIS
(2) anterior inferior iliac spine AIIS
(3) posterior superior iliac spine PSIS
(4) posterior inferior iliac spine PIIS

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18
Q

auricular surface

A

where sacrum comes in

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19
Q

features of the ischium

A
body
ramus
ischial spine
ischial tuberosity
lesser sciatic notch
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20
Q

features of the pubis

A
body
rami (superior / inferior)
pubic crest
pubic tubercle
symphysial surface
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21
Q

pelvic fracture

A

fracture from direct trauma or force transmitted from fall on feet
- common in elderly, esp. due to osteoporosis + brittle bones

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22
Q

statistics of elderly healing from pelvic fractures

A

1/3 recover
1/3 recover but w/ problems
1/3 die due to infection

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23
Q

pelvic girdle articulations (5)

A
lumbosacral
sacrococcygeal
sacroiliac
pubic symphysis
coxal
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24
Q

pelvic ligaments

A

(1) supraspinous + anterior longitudinal (ALL)
(2) iliolumbar
(3) anterior/posterior sacroiliac
(4) anterior/posterior sacrococcygeal
(5) superior/inferior (arcuate) pubic
(6) obturator membrane
(7) sacrotuberous ligament
(8) sacrospinous ligament

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25
sacrotuberous ligament
connects to ischial tuberosity - creates sciotic foramen - criss-crosses w/ sacrospinous ligament - anchors pelvis
26
sacrospinous ligament
connects to ischial spine - divides sciotic foramen into greater + lesser - criss-crosses w/ sacrotuberous ligament - anchors pelvis
27
why is sacrum tilted?
in order to transmit force from harsh landing from a jump - the tilt rotates sacrum anteriorly but sacrospinous + sacrotuberous ligaments resist and prevent upward movement and anterior rotation
28
pregnancy + pelvic ligaments
increase relaxon (a hormone) in latter half of pregnancy allows pubic ligament to relax, increases movement @ pelvic joints esp. sacroiliac + pubic symphysis
29
spondylolysis
defect or fracture in neural or vertebral arch of the pelvis - can be congenital or from athletic injury (stress fracture) - often L5 / S1 area
30
spondylolisthesis
anterior displacement of lumbar vertebrae (L5) - pelvic injury - may result in compression of spinal nerve
31
causes of spondylolisthesis
spondylolysis arthritis loss of elasticity
32
spondylolisthesis may lead to
numbness + back pain tightness of hamstring increase size of pelvic inlet (esp. preggo problems during childbirth)
33
femur
(thigh) longest y heaviest bone in body - length = 25% of height - 2 different epiphyseal plate closures
34
femur epiphyseal plate closures
proximal end (hip) = 14 - 16 years distal end (knee) = 18 - 22 years
35
weak areas of the pelvis:
pubic rami acetabulum sacral iliac joint alae (flared wings) of ilium
36
straddle injury
pubic rami injury due to rushing from front
37
acetabulum injury
fall on feet from a large height
38
anterior features of the femur
``` head w/ fovea neck greater/lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line adductor tubercle lateral/medial epicondyles lateral/medial condyles ```
39
posterior features of the femur
intertrochanteric crest linea aspera intercondylar fossa
40
broken hip
broken neck of the femur | - most commonly fractured in those > 60 years b/c narrowest/weakest of bone
41
ligaments of the femur
iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral **unwind and wind depending on motion IPI
42
FCN of femur ligaments
stabilize head of femur in acetabulum
43
tibia
medial, larger bone in the lower leg
44
tibia articulations
(1) femur (2) talus (3) fibula FTF
45
tibia epiphyseal plate closure
proximal end (knee) @ 23 years distal end (ankle) around 18 years **growth @ knee ends last
46
features of the tibia
``` anterior crest medial/lateral condyles intercondylar eminence tibial tuberosity medial malleous ```
47
Osgood-Schlatter disease
quadricep tendon pulls away from bone @ tibial tuberosity - occurs in children, esp. around puberty, who run run/bend/jump a lot - causes pain + swelling - disappears after stop growing
48
Osgood-Schlatter disease results in
larger tibial tuberosity b/c ligament pulls away which triggers growth
49
treatment for Osgood-Schlatter disease
take stress off by wearing band/strap around area to distribute force + tack down band ligament - prevents ligament from pulling away from tibial tuberosity
50
fibula
lateral bone of lower leg | - most slender of long bones
51
fibula articulations (2)
(1) tibia (2) talus **no touch femur
52
fibula FCN (3)
(1) muscle/ligament attachment (2) stabilize ankle * *not weight-bearing b/c no touch femur * *not necessary for walking
53
weight-bearing bones
must articulate w/ femur
54
features of the fibula
head (bumpy) shaft lateral malleous (smooth)
55
patella
"kneecap" largest sesamoid bone - develops in tendon of quadriceps
56
patella FCN (2)
(1) increase leverage on tendon | (2) maintain tendon position during flexion
57
features of the patella
base apex lateral facet (larger) medial facet (smaller)
58
determining R/L patella
lateral facet (larger side) on the right side of the right patella
59
tarsals
ankle bones - gliding surface (intertarsal) - give flexibility - joined by complex array of intertarsal ligaments named by bones connected
60
tarsal bones (7)
``` talus calcaneus navicular cuboid medial cuneiform intermediate cuneiform lateral cuneiform ``` The Coconut Never Curses Me (C) In (C) Latin (C)
61
talus
located on anterior foot - only tarsal bone to articulate /w tibia + fibula - no muscle or tendon attachements - features: head, body, trochlea **foot bone that projects out in ballerinas (by the ankle)
62
calcaneus
longest + strongest tarsal bone (medial) - articulates w/ talus + cuboid - sustentaculum tali (supports talar head) - calcaneal tuberosity **heal of foot
63
navicular
tarsal bone (medial) - located between talus + cuneiforms - navicular tuberosity
64
cuboid
``` tarsal bone (lateral) - tuberosity ```
65
cuneiform (3)
``` tarsal bone (middle of foot) - articulates w/ navicular + metatarsals 1-3 ``` medial cuneiform intermediate cuneiform lateral cuneiform
66
metatarsals
miniature long bones of the foot - numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral (big toe = #1) - closely bound by 2 ligaments
67
metatarsal ligaments
metatarsal ligaments | plantar ligaments
68
hallax
big toe
69
parts of the metatarsals
base (proximal) - tuberosity on MT#5 shaft head (distal) - sesamoid bones on MT#1
70
phalanges
"toes" minature long bones w/ base, shaft, head - 14 total (3 each except big toe) **middle/distal phalanges #5 (pinky toe) fuse in old age
71
terminal phalanx on each digit
smallest phalanx | - dorsally flattened (nail bed)