1 Intro & Arthrology Flashcards

(102 cards)

1
Q

classification of humans (taxonomy)

A

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata (have nerve cord)

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Mammalia (hair + mammory glands)

Order: Primata (primates: opposable thumbs & sizable brains)

Family: Hominidae (bipedal)

Genus: Homo

Species: sapien

*Homo sapien = wise man

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2
Q

physical human characteristics

A

upright mobility, dexterity/coordination

complex communication (collective learning)

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3
Q

collective learning

A

passing on learned info

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4
Q

mental human characteristics

A

reasoning, creativity, imagination

abstract thinking (future/past)

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5
Q

behavioral human characteristics

A

lying

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6
Q

spiritual/emotional human characteristics

A

morals, values

trying to find “meaning”

desire to prolong quality of life

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7
Q

ways to study anatomy

A

regional anatomy

systemic anatomy

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8
Q

regional anatomy

A

bones, nerves, muscles, vessels, etc. in each region

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9
Q

systemic anatomy

A

organ systems

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10
Q

anatomical position

A
standing
facing forward
arms @ sides
palms forward
feet together / toes forward
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11
Q

anatomical planes

A

frontal (coronal)
sagittal
midsagittal
transverse (horizontal)

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12
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

cuts into anterior/posterior (front/back)

frontal -> front & back

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13
Q

sagittal plane

A

cuts into right/left

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14
Q

midsagittal plane

A

cuts right/left directly down middle

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15
Q

transverse (horizontal) plane

A

cross section

cuts into top/bottom

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16
Q

ventral

A

toward the front or belly

  • in humans aka anterior
  • opposite of dorsal

(ie) aorta is ventral to the vertebral column

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17
Q

dorsal

A

toward back or spine

  • in humans aka posterior
  • opposite of ventral

(ie) vertebral column is dorsal to the aorta

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18
Q

anterior

A

toward the ventral side

  • opposite of posterior
  • in front

(ie) sternum is anterior to the heart

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19
Q

posterior

A

toward the dorsal side

  • opposite of anterior
  • in back

(ie) esophagus is posterior to the trachea

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20
Q

cephalic

A

toward the head or superior end

(ie) cephalic end of the embryonic neural tube develops into the brain

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21
Q

rostral

A

toward the forehead or nose

(ie) the forebrane is rostral to the brainstem

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22
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail or inferior end

(ie) spinal cord is caudal to the brain

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23
Q

superior

A

above
- opposite inferior

(ie) heart is superior to the diaphragm

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24
Q

inferior

A

below
- opposite superior

(ie) liver is inferior to the diaphragm

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25
medial
TOWARD the median (middle) plane - opposite lateral (ie) heart is medial to lungs
26
lateral
AWAY from the median plane - opposite medial (ie) eyes are lateral to nose
27
proximal
CLOSER to the point attachment or origin - opposite distal (ie) elbow is proximal to wrist
28
distal
FARTHER from point of attachment or origin - opposite proximal (ie) fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers
29
superficial
closer to the body surface - on the surface - opposite deep (ie) skin is superficial to muscles
30
deep
farther from body surface - opposite superficial (ie) bones are deep to the muscles
31
cranial cavity
associated visera: brain | membranous lining: meninges
32
vertebral canal
associated visera: spinal cord | membranous lining: meninges
33
thoracic cavity
made up of pleural cavities (2) & pericardial cavity
34
pleural cavity
associated visera: lungs | membranous lining: pleurae
35
pericardial cavity
associated visera: heart | membranous lining: percardium
36
abdominopelvic cavity
made up of abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity
37
abdominal cavity
associated visera: digestive organs, spleen, kidneys | membranous lining: peritoneum
38
pelvic cavity
associated visera: bladder, rectum, reproductive organs | membranous lining: peritoneum
39
abdominal quadrants
right upper quadrant (URQ) right lower quadrant (LRQ) left upper quadrant (ULQ) left lower quadrant (LLQ)
40
abdominal regions
epigastric region umbilical region hypogastric region ``` hypochondriac region subcostal line lumbar region intertubercular line midclavicular line ```
41
epigastric region
above stomach region
42
umbilical region
midsection of stomach
43
hypogastric region
below stomach region
44
types of anatomical variation
A) bones - features depends on stress and age B) muscle attachments C) veins > arteries > nerves D) racial/sexual differences
45
arthrology
study of joints
46
almost all movements occur at a ______
joint (articulation)
47
joint structure determines ______
function (ie) may be immovable or movable
48
movement/range of motion determined by:
shape of articular surfaces @ joint - (ie) think elbow strength, flexibility of ligaments - (ie) knee w/ ACL and MCL tension, positioning of muscles and tendons - think muscle tone - (ie) quads/hamstring opposition of soft tissue - (ie) are other body parts in the way
49
articular arteries anatomose
communication btwn multiple branches of an artery - how they merge/diverge - network of vessels - plexus
50
articular nerves
- branch from nerves that also supply the muscles that move the joint - transmit sensory info for propioception
51
propioception
awareness of body position and movement
52
ways to classify joints
1) functionally | 2) structurally
53
functional classification is based on:
degree of movement
54
types of functional classification
a) synarthrosis b) amphiarthrosis c) diarthrosis
55
synarthrosis joint
w/out movement (ie) our skull is made of multiple cranial plates but they do not move after maturity
56
amphiarthrosis joint
slight movement | ie) teeth in our gums (fibrous joints
57
diarthrosis joint
free movement (ie) ball and socket
58
structural classification is based on:
1) the presence or lack of a joint cavity | 2) kinds of connective tissue
59
types of structural classification
a) bony b) fibrous c) cartilaginous d) synovial
60
bony joint
made/held juntos by bone
61
fibrous joint
bound by collagen (fiber) - no cavity (ie) sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
62
caritlaginous joint
bound by cartiliage - no cavity (ie) synchondroses, symphyses
63
synovial joint
fluid-filled cavities | - 6 types
64
bony joints (synostosis)
formed by ossification of a fibrous or cartilaginous joint
65
suture
fibrous joint - synarthrodial - types: serrate suture, lap suture, plane suture
66
serrate suture
most stable / strongest type of suture - shortest fibers (ie) coronal, sagittal & lambdoid
67
lap suture
average strength (ie) squamous
68
plane suture
weakest suture due to less surface area (ie) platine process of masillar
69
gomphoses
fibrous joint that connects teeth to alveolar socket in skull - synarthrodial or amphiarthrodial (depending on text)
70
syndesmoses
fibrous joint that connects two bones - amphiarthrodial (ie) connection between tibia/fibia or radial/ulna (ie) interosseous membrane (IOM) (ie) fontanelles * think: Moses divided the water to walk through it, thus syndesmoses is the fibrous joint that connects two bones
71
fontanelle
soft membraneous feature found only in growing babies/infants - gone around 2-years-old (ie) soft spot on infant head where the heartbeat can be seen
72
synchondroses
cartilaginous joint - made of hyaline cartilage (most flexible) - synarthrodial (ie) rib #1 to sternum (ie) epiphyseal plate or growth plate
73
symphyses
cartilaginous joint - fibrocartilage - amphiarthrodial (ie) between each vertebral disc (ie) fibrocartilage that fuses the pubic bones together
74
synovial joint mobility
a) articular cartilage - hyaline b) synovial fluid - semi-viscous c) synovial membrane diarthrodial - the ligament holding juntos
75
synovial joints basic parts
1) ligament 2) tendon 3) bursa 4) meniscus
76
ligament
connects bone to bone
77
tendon
connects bone to muscle
78
bursa
a fluid-filled sac that acts as cushion around joints | - acts as padding in high friction areas (ie. knees)
79
meniscus
pad for cushioning and stability | - extra cusion
80
flexion
↓ angle @ joint
81
extension
↑ angle towards 180˚ basically returns back to 0˚
82
hyperextension
↓ angle beyond 180˚
83
abduction (ABD)
move away from mid-body (midline) (ie) arms and fingers * abduct someone is to take away * Daddy goes in, Baby comes out
84
adduction (ADD)
return toward midline *Daddy goes in, Baby comes out
85
elevation
up towards frontal plane (ie) shrugging up
86
depression
down, away from frontal plane (ie) returning shoulders back to normal after shrugging
87
protraction
forward transverse plane (ie) pushing door open
88
retraction
backwards transverse plane (ie) pushing shoulders back to jut out chest
89
circumduction
conical motion at a fixed point (ie) making little circles w/ arms
90
rotation
motion at a fixed axis (ie) head shaking no
91
supination
turn palms face up (anatomical position) - forearm bones are parallel - supine *in order to carry soup, palm must be face up
92
pronation
turn palms face down | - prone
93
dorsiflexion (DF)
move towards top, elevate toes
94
plantar flexion (PF)
pointing toes
95
inversion
turn soles medially/inwardly
96
eversion
turn soles laterally/outwardly
97
synovial joint: ball-and-socket
multiaxial (all 3 planes) - flexion/extension - abduction/adduction - rotation
98
synovial joint: ellipsoid (condyloid)
biaxial (move in 2 planes) - flexion/extension - abduction/adduction oval-shaped condyle fits into ellipsoidal cavity (ie) radiocarpal (ie) temporomandibular joint (TMJ) (ie) atlanto-occipital joint
99
synovial joint: saddle (sellar)
biaxial - flexion/extension - abduction/adduction two saddle-shaped (concavoconvex) surfaces articulate (ie) carpometacarpal #1 - base of thumb (ie) sternoclavicular
100
synovial joint: plane
monoaxial - gliding/sliding motion flat articulating surfaces most common synovial joint (ie) vertebral processes (ie) intertarsal / intercarpal
101
synovial joint: hinge
monoaxial - flexion/extension - limited abduction/adduction capsul laxity in direction of movment (ie) knee
102
synovial joint: pivot
monoaxial - only rotation rounded/pointed or convex surface fits into ring of bone and ligament (ie) atlantoaxial (C1 to C2) - skull to spine connection