Mineral

Question 1

Principle cation of ECF

Answer 1

Na

Question 2

Mineral that aids in muscle contraction

Answer 2

Na (Action potential)

Question 3

Kidneys filtration of Na

Answer 3

Filters out and returns what is needed. Regulate acid-base balance by excreting H+ in exchange for Na+.

Question 4

Diseases associated with Sodium

Answer 4

Hypertension

Osteoporosis: high salt and increased Ca excretion (K is a protective factor)

Question 5

Sodium Deficiency/Toxicity

Answer 5

Hyponatremia (def)
Acute toxicity: edema/high BP.
Chronic toxicity: HTN

Question 6

Chloride’s role

Answer 6

Major anion of ECF. Helps maintain fluid/electrolyte balance (assoc with Na and K). Part of hydrochloride acid.

Question 7

Deficiency/Toxicity of Chloride

Answer 7

Vomiting, diarrhea, heavy sweating (def)
Bulimia nervosa is common cause of def
Toxicity common due to dehydration

Question 8

Potassium’s role

Answer 8

Principle Intracellular cation. Helps maintain fluid/electrolyte balance. Aids in nerve impulse transmission/muscle contractions

Question 9

Deficiency in Potassium

Answer 9

Hypertension. Risk of stroke. Kidney stones. Irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, glucose intolerance

Question 10

Potassium Toxicity

Answer 10

Overconsumption of supplements. Kidneys accelerate excretion. Can stop is administered IV.

Question 11

Calcium

Answer 11

Most abundant mineral in the body. 99% in bones and teeth. Helps to maintain normal BP.

Question 12

Calcium in disease prevention

Answer 12

HTN, HLP, DM, Colon Cancer, Obesity?*

Question 13

Calcium deficiency

Answer 13

Peak bone mass by late 20s. Bone loss with age. Osteopenia (low bone density). Osteoporosis

Question 14

3 organs of Calcium regulate balance

Answer 14

Bone, Intestines, kidneys

Question 15

Hormones that aids in Calcium regulation

Answer 15

Parathyroid hormone/Calcitonin

Question 16

Phosphorus

Answer 16

Second most abundant mineral in the body. Buffer system (DNA/RNA). Energy metabolism/enzyme activation. Cell membranes. Aids in lipid transport.

Question 17

Toxicity of phosphorus

Answer 17

Disrupts hormonal functions that contribute to kidney failure, HD, bone loss. UL 4000mg

Question 18

Magnesium

Answer 18

More than half is in bones. Maintains bone health, Catalyst in AP production, Inhibits muscle contraction and blood clotting. Protective factor in HTN.

Question 19

Deficiency of Mg

Answer 19

HD, stroke, HTN, DM, cancer. Causes tetany. Impairs CNS activity

Question 20

Sulfate

Answer 20

Oxidized form of sulfur. Amino acid course: Methionine/Cysteine

Question 21

2 forms of iron in the body

Answer 21

Ferrous iron (Fe2+)
Ferric iron (Fe3+)

Question 22

Role of iron

Answer 22

Cofactor in Red-Ox Reactions. Part of electron carriers. Hemoglobin/myoglobin

Question 23

Iron Absorption proteins

Answer 23

Ferritin stores in the small intestine. Transferrin is iron transport protein

Question 24

Absorption-enhancers for nonheme iron

Answer 24

MFP
Vit C
Some acids/sugars

Question 25

Major iron source in body

Answer 25

Nonheme (90%) but is not absorbed wll

Question 26

Factors that inhibit iron absorption

Answer 26

Phytates Calcium Polyphenols Individual variation in absorption

Question 27

Most common nutrient deficiency worldwide

Answer 27

Iron

Question 28

Hemosiderin

Answer 28

Releases iron veery slowly from th liver

Question 29

Hepcidin

Answer 29

Inhibits iron absorption, so inflammation occurs.

Question 30

How do malaria and parasitic infections affect iron levels>

Answer 30

Can cause deficiency due to blood loss

Question 31

RBC appearance in iron deficiency

Answer 31

Microcytic and hypochromic

Question 32

Iron deficiency

Answer 32

Energy metabolism is impaired. Nt synthesis is altered. Reduces energy levels and mental productivity. Pica

Question 33

Iron Overload

Answer 33

Apathy, lethargy, fatigue.

Question 34

Hereditary hemochromatosis

Answer 34

Genetic failure to control iron absorption. Deficiency or resistance. Use phlebotomy to Tx

Question 35

Chronic disease and iron

Answer 35

Heart disease (excess). Cancer (free radicals).

Question 36

Iron poisoning

Answer 36

GI distress, constipation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Question 37

Zinc

Answer 37

Highest concentration in muscle and bone. Supports work of hundreds of proteins. Stabilizes cell membranes/DNA. Synthesis, storage, release of insulin from pancreas. Interacts with blood clotting. Thyroid hormone function. Needed in vit A activation

Question 38

Proteins that transport zinc

Answer 38

Albumin and transferrin

Question 39

Accuracy of taste comes from what mineral?

Answer 39

Zinc

Question 40

Deficiency of zinc

Answer 40

Growth retardation. CNS damage

Question 41

Iodine

Answer 41

GI tract converts iodine into iodide

Question 42

Roles in body of iodine

Answer 42

Essential for thyroid hormone regulation

Question 43

Goiter

Answer 43

Expansion of thyroid cells.

Question 44

Cretinism

Answer 44

Severe iodine deficiency due pregnancy causes extreme and irreversible mental/physical retardation

Question 45

Selenium

Answer 45

Substitute for sulfur in AA. Antioxidant. Part of Glutathoine peroxidase. Enzymes activate/inactivate thyroid

Question 46

Keshawn disease

Answer 46

Heart disease seen in Chine. Selenium is shown to be protective to condition

Question 47

Copper

Answer 47

Constituent of enzymes. Iron metabolism, defense against oxidative damage. Possible link to CVD.

Question 48

Menses disease

Answer 48

Intestinal cells absorb copper but do not release into circulation (lethal)

Question 49

Wilson's disease

Answer 49

Copper accumulates in liver and brain.

Question 50

Manganese

Answer 50

Bones/metabolically active organs (liver, kidney, pancreas). Cofactor for metabolic enzymes. Bone formation. Conversion of pyruvate to TCA cycle