Chapter 8.7

Question 1

STEM CELL

Answer 1

is any undifferentiated cell that can give rise to specialized cell types.

Question 2

SPECIALIZED CELLS

Answer 2

permanently differentiated cells. Although all cells contain the same DNA, in specialized cells some genes become irreversibly “turned off”. Once in this state it is irreversible.

Question 3

What occurs when stem cells divide mitotically

Answer 3

First, each yields 2 daughter cells: One remains a stem cell, able to divide again–the other specializes

Question 4

The categories of Stem Cells in animals

Answer 4

1. EMBRYONIC

2. ADULT

Question 5

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

Answer 5

give rise to all cell types in the body, including adult stem cells, and are therefore called “ TOTIPOTENT” ( entire)

Question 6

ADULT STEM CELLS

Answer 6

are more differentiated and produce a limited subset of cell types

They are “ PLURIPOTENT” “ many”

They give rise to only one sell type

Question 7

egs of ADULT STEM CELLS

Answer 7

Stem cells in the skin replace damaged skin cells.

2. stem cells in the bone marrow produce all of the cell types that make up blood

Question 8

Where are human embryonic stem cells derived from

Answer 8

The inner cell mass of a blastocyst: The inner cells yields embryonic stem cells that have the ability to form any cell type in the body.

Question 9

A BLASTOCYSTS

Answer 9

is a human cell 5 days after fertilization

Question 10

“induced Pluripotent stem cells

Answer 10

are adult stem cells that had some of its gene expressions manipulated so that it acts like a embryonic stem cells

Question 11

SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER

Answer 11

A technique of cloning.

. the nucleus of a donor somatic cells is transferred to a enucleated( nucleus was removed) egg cell.
. The resulting cell divides mitotically to form an embryo, which is implanted in a surrogate mother’s uterus. ( REPRODUCTIVE CLONING)
. Mitotic cell division then would produce every cell in the clones body.

Question 12

Why was the dolly cloning significant

Answer 12

because it showed that the DNA from a differentiated somatic cell( adult cell) could revert to a undifferentiated state.

Question 13

What was the suspected cause of Dolly early death

Answer 13

the already shortened telomeres that she inherited from the 6 year old donor nucleus

Question 14

Therapeutic cloning

Answer 14

cloned human embryos are used as a source of stem cells which could be used to grow customized artificial organs that the patient’s immune system would not be rejected

Question 15

Describe the differences between embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells

Answer 15

Embryonic stem cells are totipotent and give rise to any cell in the body. Adult stem cells are pluripotent, with the ability to become most (but not all) cell types.. Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult stem cells that have gene expression manipulated in such a way that they become like embryonic stem cells.

Question 16

What are the potential medical benefits of stem cells

Answer 16

Stem cells help illustrate how animals develop and grow; they may be useful in treating diseases that involve tissue loss or damage, also they are useful in observing the development of a disease from its start. Finally, stem cells may also be useful in drug testing.

Question 17

Why is the cloning technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 17

The nucleus of a somatic body cell is used rather than the nucleus of a sex cell.

Question 18

Summarize the steps scientists use to clone an adult mammal

Answer 18

Cells from the animal to be cloned are grown in culture, and then the nucleus of one of those cells is removed. That nucleus is then fused with a denucleated cell from an egg donor. The fused cell is allowed to divide into an embryo and is then implanted into the surrogate where it is allowed to develop to birth.