abdomen revision CT

Question 1

what 3 structures does barium swallow allow visualisation of

Answer 1

pharynx, oesophagus, proximal stomach

Question 2

what might you be looking for in barium swallow

Answer 2

dysphagia, reflux, fistulae, hernia

Question 3

what is dysphagia

Answer 3

difficulty swallowing

Question 4

what might you do an abdominal xray for

Answer 4

• evaluating bowel gas
• seeing lines, tubes etc

Question 5

US is mainly used for what organ/s

Answer 5

liver + gallbladder

• also AAA (fast scan trauma)
  (+renal symptoms)

Question 6

what is dual-phase, dual-bolus and triple phase ct (for abdomen), why’s it done

Answer 6

dual-phase = images of same anatomy taken at 2 different different contrast time, arterial and portal venous. (visualise and differentiate tissues and abnormalities based on blood supply and contrast enhancement)

dual-bolus = 2 injections of contrast bolus. (enhance visualisation of different tissues at different times highlights specific vascular/perfusion characteristic)

triple phase = images of same anatomy taken at 3 different contrast times, arterial, portal venous, delayed phase (helps characterise lesions and differentiate tissue based on enhancement over time

Question 7

what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass thru diaphragm

Answer 7

t10

Question 8

what level does aorta pass thru diaphragm

Answer 8

t12

Question 9

two tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column is known as

Answer 9

crus (right and left)

Question 10

where V level does SMA branch

Answer 10

L1

Question 11

whats the order of structure at the renal hilum anterior to posterior

Answer 11

renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis

Question 12

what level do renal arteries leave aorta

Answer 12

L1/2

Question 13

What level does IMA leave aorta

Answer 13

L3

Question 14

what are 5 main abdominal muscles and what do they look like on CT (identify them)

Answer 14

rectus abdominis
internal/external oblique
transverse abdominis
pyramidalis
(rectal sheath)

Question 15

what are 3 main paraspinal muscles and identify on CT

Answer 15

psoas major
quadrates lumborum
erector spinae

Question 16

know what small/large bowel obstruction looks like

Question 17

what is splenomegaly and what can cause it

Answer 17

enlarged spleen

• caused by hypertension and back flow from portal vein and down to splenic vein towards spleen

(as portal vein drains stomach, pancreas, steel and intestine)

Question 18

know what cirrhosis is and looks like on CT, is cirrhosis brighter or darker than normal liver anatomy on CT

Answer 18

scarring and permanent damage of liver

• brighter

Question 19

how many lobes does the liver have, what are they called + know what they look like on ct/ in general

Answer 19

right, left, caudate, quadrate

Question 20

what is ascites and is it bright or dark on ct

Answer 20

build up of fluid in spaces in abdomen

• darker

Question 21

know that pelvic kidney is natural variation, why does this happen

Answer 21

blocked by blood vessels in aorta so fail to ascend

Question 22

CT can identify pericholecystic inflammation what is this (know what it looks like on ct)

Answer 22

abscess that forms in response to an inflammation of the gallbladder called acute cholecystitis.

Question 23

gallstones aren’t visible on CT, but what modality can identify them

Answer 23

US

Question 24

chronic pancreatitis forms what? looks like what on xray

Answer 24

coarse calcification

• calcification is sign of chronic inflammation
• know what it looks like

Question 25

barium swallow can show diverticulosis, what is this, where are they most commonly formed

Answer 25

outwardly sticking pouches/sac in bowerl - forms anywhere in colon but most commonly in sigmoid colon (know what it looks like on barium swallow)

Question 26

what is defecography

Answer 26

Defecography is a study of your body mechanics when you poop.

Question 27

a defecogrpahy can identify rectocele in women, what is thsi

Answer 27

A rectocele is a type of prolapse where the supportive wall of tissue between a woman's rectum and vaginal wall weakens know what this looks like on scan

Question 28

necrosis of stomach/bowel can be seen thru what indication on ct scan

Answer 28

pneumatosis intestinal (presence of gas within the wall of the small or large intestine) know what this looks like on CT

Question 29

What is pneumoperitoneum

Answer 29

gas in peritoneal cavity (can be due to perforation in bowel)

Question 30

what is hepatomegaly and what does it look like on ct

Answer 30

enlarged liver - looks like large masses within liver

Question 31

explain the difference in how pain can be described from an organ in the visceral/parietal peritoneum

Answer 31

visceral = pain sensation referred to in epigastric/umbilical/suprapubic regions/quadrants parietal = pain detected in precise area affected

Question 32

what organs are into/retro peritoneal

Answer 32

intra= - liver - gallbladder - spleen - stomach - 1st part duodenum - jejenum - ileum - transverse colon retro= - oesophagus - rest of duodenum - pancreas (except tail) - kidneys+ adrenal glands - ascending/descending colon - rectum - aorta and IVC

Question 33

falciform ligament of liver = the thin, sickle-shaped, fibrous structure that connects the anterior part of the liver to the ventral wall of the abdomen