reproductive anatomy

Question 1

main function of ovaries

Answer 1

Oocyte/egg production

• also have endocrine glands that make oestrogen to regulate reproductive cycle

Question 2

uterine/Fallopian tubes do what and how

Answer 2

move oocyte from ovary to uterus via Cilla that waft ovum along

Question 3

if implantation of embryo happens in Fallopian tube, what is this called

Answer 3

ectopic pregnancy

Question 4

what does anteverted and ante flexion of uterus mean and its opposite positions

Answer 4

anteverted = uterus tils anteriorly at cervix

ante flexed = funds of uterus curves anteriorly over bladder

retroverted and retro flexed is the opposite of this

Question 5

what do you call the opening of the cervix into the vagina and the opening of the cervix into the uterus

Answer 5

external os - cervix to vagina

internal os - cervix to uterus

Question 6

what is the 2 main purpose of the cervix

Answer 6

• facilitates passage of sperm into uterus
• maintains sterility

Question 7

what tool is used to view the cervix

Answer 7

speculum

Question 8

during development what fuses ro forms the uterus and what is it called if it doesnt fuse properly

Answer 8

2 mullarian ducts

• forms 2 horned uterus called bicornate uterus

Question 9

twin pregnancy can happen in each horn of a bicornate uterus

Question 10

does the vagina lie anterior or posterior to the urethra

Answer 10

posterior

Question 11

what 2 pouches are around the uterus

Answer 11

vesicouterine pouch ( b/w bladder and uterus)

rectouterine pouch (b/w rectum and uterus)

Question 12

what a woman has rectocele, what may she have to do in order to pass poo

Answer 12

splinting

inserting fingers into vagina to push out rectum bulge

know what rectocele looks like on imaging

Question 13

how does defecography work

Answer 13

• barium contrast in rectum
• xray taken when patient at rest, straining/squeezing and during defecation

Question 14

why is MRI defecating proctogrpahy more accurate at determining size of rectocele than physical examination

Answer 14

during physical examination, theres isnt much pressure on pelvic floor compared to actual defecation

Question 15

know how uterus ligaments join :

pubocervical ligament (cervix to pubis)

transverse/cardinal cervical (cerix to lateral pelvis)

uterosacral ( uterus to sacrum)

Question 16

what happens if the uterine ligaments weaken due to age or births

Answer 16

it can collapse into the vagine

Question 17

what are the 4 stages of a prolapsed uterus

Answer 17

stage 1 - in upper half vagina
stage 2 - descended to opening of vagina
stage 3 - protrudes out vagina
stage 4- completely out of vagina

Question 18

what is the broad and round ligament, where is it

Answer 18

broad = double layer of peritoneum completely covering uterus, tubes and ovaries

round = attaches posterior uterus, runs forwards thru inguinal canal and inserts at labia majora

Question 19

describe the vasculature of female reproductive system

Answer 19

aorta —> ovarian
common illiac
internal iliac
ant div internal illiac
uterine artery
vaginal artery

Question 20

what vertebral level does ovarian artery branch off aorta

Answer 20

L2/3

Question 21

the uterine veins drain the uterus thru which lie in which structure

Answer 21

broad ligament

Question 22

blood supplied to ovaries and uterine tubes via ovarian arteries and some anastomoses from ovarian branch of uterine artery

Question 23

what venous structure drains uterus

Answer 23

uterine plexus

Question 24

the ovarian arteries and veins travel to ovaries within what structure

Answer 24

suspensory ligament of ovary

Question 25

whats the difference between drainage of left and right ovarian vein

Answer 25

The right ovarian vein usually drains into the inferior vena cava (IVC) whereas the left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein in most individuals

Question 26

what lymph nodes does vulva (female external genitalia) lymph nodes drain to

Answer 26

superficial inguinal nodes

Question 27

what lymph do ovaries drain to

Answer 27

lumbar (caval/aortic) nodes

Question 28

vagina, cervix and uterus receive parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. what 2 things does it do/control

Answer 28

- rhythmic contraction of those sturctures in birth/orgams - secretion of lubricating fluid

Question 29

where does secretion of lubricating fluid come from in females

Answer 29

bartholins glands

Question 30

where VL does parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres stem from

Answer 30

para = s2-4 sympathetic = t12-s2

Question 31

what nerve supplies muscles of perineum and external female genitalia

Answer 31

pudendal nerve (s2-4)

Question 32

pudendal nerve can be consciously controlled for why

Answer 32

to control defecation and peeing (as it also innervates external urethral sphincter)

Question 33

what is episiotomy and why is it done

Answer 33

incision from vagina into perineum to enlarge birth canal - prevents tearing into perineum and or rectum

Question 34

how is an episiotomy done

Answer 34

- fingers inserted to find ischial spine of pelvis - anaesthetic injected in that area as its roughly where pudenal nerve is (pudenal nerve block done)(numbing perineum) - then incision from lower 1/3 vagina done

Question 35

know male reproductive anatomy (refer to image)

Question 36

function of testes

Answer 36

make sperm and testosterone

Question 37

testis contain many seminiferous tubes carrying sperm toward where?

Answer 37

epididymis

Question 38

sperm is transported from head of epididymis towards tail and into where?

Answer 38

ducts (vas) deferens

Question 39

what structures travels thru the spermatic cord

Answer 39

ductus deferens testicular arterial and nerve supply pampiform plexus of veins lymphatics

Question 40

the spermatic cord runs thru what region to enter abdomen

Answer 40

inguinal canal

Question 41

rule of 3 (structures in spermatic cord) 3 arteries: - cremasteric - testicular - artery of ductus 3 nerves: - genital branch of genitofermoral - sympathetic and visceral afferent fibre 3 others: - paminiform plexus - ductus deferens - lymphathics

Question 42

inguinal canals lies superior and parallel to inguinal ligament

Question 43

what issue tends to occur at inguinal canal and why

Answer 43

hernias as it is the weakest part of the abdominal wall

Question 44

what are the 2 types of inguinal hernias

Answer 44

indirect = abdominal contents enter the deep ring (the start) of the inguinal canal direct = abdominal contents are forced through a weakness in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal (towards end) (thru superficial ring)

Question 45

what are the 4 categories of contents in the inguinal canal

Answer 45

spermatic cord round ligament (only female) inguinal nerves blood vessels and lymphatics

Question 46

indirect inguinal hernias are associated with patent processes vaginalis, what is this

Answer 46

out pouching of peritoneum that accompanies embryonic descent of testicle

Question 47

direct inguinal hernia is secondary to increase inter abdominal pressur

Question 48

after exiting the deep inguinal ring, the 2 ductus defers cross past what structures before dilating to form seminal vesicles

Answer 48

- cross past external iliac vessels - then go anterior to ureter - then heads to posterior aspect of bladder

Question 49

what are the 4 sections of the male urethra

Answer 49

pre prostatic (before prostate) prostatic (in prostate) membranous (b/w prostate and dick) spongy/penile (in dick)

Question 50

what section of the urethra is the bulbourethral glands lateral to

Answer 50

membranous

Question 51

what is purpose of bulbourethral gland

Answer 51

secrete mucus from sexual arousal

Question 52

what tissue of the penis does the penile urethra run thru

Answer 52

corpus spongiosum

Question 53

what tissue forms the glans penis

Answer 53

corpus spongiosum

Question 54

rolled of corpus cavernous and spongiosum in penis

Answer 54

cavernous = fills with blood to get erect spongiosum = prevents collapse on urethra as dick gets hard

Question 55

describe male reproductive vasculature

Answer 55

aorta ---> testicular artery common illiac internal illiac inferior vesicle <------ ant div internal illiac ---> internal pudenal superior vesicle

Question 56

what vertebral level does testicular arteries branch off aorta

Answer 56

L2/3

Question 57

what lymph nodes do testis drain to

Answer 57

lumbar/para-aortic nodes