head and neck revision Flashcards
(36 cards)
know all then bones, fossas, sutures, sinus of the skull
what structure passes thru the cribriform plate
olafactory bulb (for smell)
what is found at the pterion
he pterion provides access to middle meningeal and middle cerebral vessels, sylvian fissure, circle of Willis, anterior pole of insula and Broca’s area
- weakest point in skull (where frontal, temporal and parietal skull meet)
what are the 4 sutures of skull, where are they
sagital
coronal
lambdoid
squamous
what 8 bones make up the nasal cavity , locate them
lacrimal
vomer
ethmoid
sphenoid
paletine
maxilla
vomer
frontal
what structures make up the nasal septum, locate them
perpendicular plate of vomer (posterior aspect)
cartilage (anterior aspect)
vomer (inferior aspect)
if fluid accumulation is seen in sinus, what pathology is it
sinusitis
what is a fontanelle
soft spot/ soft membranous gap between cranial bones that make uo calvarium of foetus/infant
why are fontanelles needed
for past passage of baby head thru birth cancel without compressing bones of skull, also gives space for brain as it rapidly expands
- each fontanelle will close by their due time based on their intramembranous ossification timeline
what suture is seen in babies but close before they turn 1
metopic suture
know what grey/white matter looks like, sulcus (gaps b/w gyro), gyri (fold of Brian), fissure (separations of lobes) in brain
what makes white matter white
lipids in the axons / myelin sheath
what does white matter and grey matter contain
white matter = axons and glial cells
grey matter = neuronal cell bodies
olfactory is covered in meninges so part of CNS
What are the different parts of the brain and its function
frontal = memory, motor, problem solving, social
temporal = hearing, language, speech, emotion, learning
parietal = sensory, language
occipital = vision
cerebellum = coordination of movement, reflex arc
understand how damage to certain lobes affect function e.g frontotemporal dementia causes memory loss, lack so social skills, poor judgement etc
know where the lateral and central sulcus is, thus where is the primary sensory and primary motor cortex located
primary motor cortex = gyri anterior to central sulvus
primary sensory cortex = gyri posterior to central sulcus
know where midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata is , what are the roles of each of them
midbrain = pain suppression, arousal and alertness (makes dopamine)
pons = holds ascending and descending tracts communicating cerebral cortex and cerebellum
medulla oblongata = regulate basic functions/ autonomic system e.g breathing
where is the insula located and what is it
-located deep in lateral fissure
- gustatory and sensorimotor processing, risk-reward behavior, autonomics, pain pathways, and auditory and vestibular functionin
what does Broca’s area control and where is it in brain
speech and language
- the frontal part of the left hemisphere of the brain (anterior to primary motor cortex)
what does wernickes area control and where is it
also controls speech and language
- posterior segment of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere. (near the back of the temporal lobe/right on top of where the lateral fissure ends)
damage to broca or wernicke area causes what
receptive aphasia (wernicke)
- means someone can say words and sentences, but they often don’t make complete sense
expressive aphasia (broca)
- Expressive aphasia (also known as Broca’s aphasia) is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact
the gustatory (taste) cortex is located in which lobe
frontal
the basal ganglia is located where , what does it do
- within the corpus callosum
a cluster of nuclei found deep to the neocortex of the brain.
It has a multitude of functions associated with reward and cognition but is primarily involved in motor control.
