Anatomy Ch 4 Test Flashcards
(279 cards)
1
Q
chemical element that shuts down metabolism if present in the body.
A
arsenic
2
Q
gradual poisoning from contact with pesticides or environmental pollutants
A
arsenicosis
3
Q
how does arsenic damage the body:
A
binding to bonds between sulfur atoms in proteins
4
Q
the effects on metabolism largely stem from _____________________________ that helps the breakdown products of glucose enter the _____________
A
impairment of an enzyme, mitochondria
5
Q
in the mitochondria, energy is __________ and cells ___________
A
extracted, run out of energy
6
Q
exome
A
the part of the genome that encodes protein
7
Q
exome is ___ of a genome
A
1.5%
8
Q
example of exome:
A
autism (diagnostic odyssey)
9
Q
replicating DNA is an __________ process
A
error-prone
10
Q
cells can ____ newly replicated DNA, __________, and __ some of them
A
scan, detect mutations, correct
11
Q
when DNA repair fails, health suffers with _______ because cells cannot ________, causing ________
A
cancer, remove it, mutations
12
Q
when DNA repair fails, health suffers with cancer because cells cannot remove it causing mutations
EFFECTS:
A
recessive mutation
dominant mutation
13
Q
recessive mutation:
A
present in both copies of effected genes to cause symptoms
14
Q
dominant mutation:
A
present in only one gene copy
15
Q
DNA replication is the process of…
A
making copies of DNA
16
Q
WHEN does DNA replication happen
A
S phase of the cell cycle
17
Q
WHERE does DNA replication happen
A
nucleus
18
Q
WHY does DNA replication happen
A
each new cell produced at the end of the cell cycle has their own complete set of DNA
19
Q
DNA…
A
a large molecule in the nucleus of a cell that contains all the genetic information of an organism
20
Q
DNA is a…
A
double helix that has to be straightened out because it cannot be copied in double helix
21
Q
hydrogen bonds help keep ___________
A
DNA in double helix shape
22
Q
double helix means…
A
double stranded or twisted up DNA
23
Q
DNA is in _______ that each have a _______.
A
segments, gene
24
Q
DNA has _________-_____________ genes
A
20,000-30,000; SPECIFICALLY 20,500
25
genes are responsible for making specific _________
proteins
26
each ______ has the information to make _____ its whole life only when it needs to.
gene, one specific thing
27
when a gene is on it shows a ________
trait
28
can be turned on and off, can get turned on and off to make a ________
specific protein
29
we can be carriers of diseases but not reflect that _______
trait
30
DNA has ________(_______________)
sugar (backbone of DNA)
31
all information on our body is...
DNA
32
DNA stands for...
deoxyribose nucleic acid
33
How long does DNA Replication take
60-90 mins
34
DNA is copied at ________ times
different
35
genome:
entire genetic code/DNA strand
36
DNA is composed of smaller unites called ______________
nucleotides
37
there are ____ nucleotide pairs in cells
3 billion
38
the nucleotides in DNA cells contain _____
1 phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, 4 nitrogen bases
39
nitrogen bases (amino acids)
adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine
40
before DNA can be replicated, it first must _________ from its __________
unzip, double helix shape
41
5 enzymes that function in the process of DNA replication
helicase
primase
DNA polymerase
exonuclease
DNA ligase
42
breaks Hydrogen bonds and unzips DNA double helix
helicase
43
DNA is split into__________
2 individual strands
44
DNA template
the original strands of DNA that you build the new strand off of
45
after helicase unzips DNA, the formation is called...
replication fork
46
enzyme that sequences short RNA called primers
primase
47
primase binds to...
primer
48
primer(_____): _____________
RNA - starting point
49
binds to primer and makes the DNA
DNA polymerase
50
Primase tells ______ where to start DNA replication
polymerase
51
exonuclease:
removes primers (RNA) from both strands of DNA
52
polymerase comes back after________
exonuclease
53
ligase:
gives up all new segments
54
ligase ________ the strands
seals up
55
DNA can only be copied from _________ directions
5' to 3'
56
5' to 3' determines how each strand of DNA is ___________
replicated
57
when DNA is made from 5' to 3'
leading strand
58
DNA is _________ with ______
one new strand, one old strand
59
DNA is one new strand with one old strand.
This is called...
semi-conservative
60
has to be done in segments because of its opposite directions (3' to 5')
lagging strand
61
Lagging strand has to be done in segments because of this opposite directions (3' to 5')
what are these segments called?
okazki fragments
62
replication of lagging strand in segments from 5' to 3' and on a 3' to 5' strand
okaski fragments
63
complementary strand
wherever there's an A, T, and a G, C
64
complementary strand is when an _________ is being __________
old strand, made with new
65
RNA:
much smaller molecule and contains the information of a single gene
66
RNA is a __________ molecule
single stranded
67
RNA is composed of smaller units called...
nucleotides
68
the nucleotides in RNA contain the nitrogen bases...
adenine
uracil
guanine
cytosine
69
RNA comes in 3 forms, each with a different function...
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
70
mRNA
messenger RNA
71
tRNA
transfer RNA
72
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
73
RNA stands for
ribonucleic acid
74
DNA is ________ and RNA is ________
double stranded, single stranded
75
the strands of DNA are composed of the sugar _____________ but in RNA the strands are composed of the sugar ________
deoxyribose, ribose
76
DNA contains...
RNA contains...
all genetic info
info from only one gene on the DNA
77
the process of synthesizing proteins from information in the genes on your DNA
protein synthesis
78
Protein synthesis takes _______ from ___ to make _______ to make _______.
info, DNA, mRNA, proteins
79
proteins are different________
lengths
80
protein synthesis is the process of...
creating proteins
81
another word for protein synthesis
gene expression
82
Proteins are really responsible for your _______
traits
83
_______ are really responsible for your traits
proteins
84
no protein made...
no trait
85
how many proteins are in the body
more than 10,000
86
2 stages of protein synthesis
transcription and translation
87
when a gene is turned on it...
produces a protein
88
when a gene is turned on it produces a protein
this is called...
being expressed
89
when a gene is expressed, we will make that _________ and display that _______
protein, trait
90
when a gene is copied, it shows a trait for that gene
gene expression
91
you only show a trait if...
the gene makes the protein it codes for
92
your genetic traits are because of _______
proteins being made by genes
93
making a mRNA strand from a gene on the DNA in the nucleus
transcription
94
synthesizing a protein from info on the mRNA at the ribosome with the help of tRNA and rRNA
translation
95
transcription happens in the...
nucleus
96
translation happens in the...
ribosomes in the cytoplasm
97
WHY does protein synthesis happen?
to make proteins: they get old, have to make new, have to grow to do reactions and fight diseases
98
WHEN does protein synthesis happen?
ALL THE TIME: interphase
99
in transcription, __________ is being made from a _________ on the DNA
mRNA, single gene
100
___________ breaks the H+ bonds between nucleotides to unzip the DNA
RNA polymerase
101
the RNA polymerase uncoils a _____ and only ______ is copied
little section, one side
102
Now, a new ________ is made by _______
mRNA strand, RNA polymerase
103
mRNA contains codes, which are...
instructions to assemble a specific protein
104
when mRNA is made, DNA...
winds back into double helix shape
105
Translation:
transfer of amino acids
106
translation: the mRNA _______ to _______
swam, ribosomes
107
the mRNA attach to a part made of _______
rRNA
108
mRNA leaves the ________ and binds to a ______ in the _______
nucleus, ribosome, cytoplams
109
mRNA builds a chain of _____ that make ________
amino acids, proteins
110
codon:
code for amino acid
111
first codon ____ is read by __________
AUG, tRNA's, anticodon
112
tRNA is the molecule that...
carries amino acids
113
anticodon:
exact opposite of codons
114
anticodons fly in to attach to...
tRNA
115
tRNA is made from _________ and is naturally in the _________
original DNA strands, cytoplasm
116
the first codon drops off _____________ carried by ________
specific amino acid, tRNA
117
the amino acids are dropped off at the ___________
ribosomes
118
second codon is read ________ by another different _________ and another _________ is dropped off
AAC, tRNA, amino acid
119
after dropped off and attached to ribosome, the amino acid forms a ___________ to hold them together
peptide bond
120
concerning codons: 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, etc... are read until ______________
stop codon reached
121
each codon represents an _____________ except for _______
amino acid, stop codon
122
stop codons are special molecules that binds to ______ and tells molecules to _________
tRNA, detach from ribosomes
123
________ reads stop codons
no tRNA
124
stop codon is __ and translation of mRNA _________
read, stops
125
protein is______
finished being assembled
126
after the stop, the codon is _______________
chopped into original pieces
127
start codon
AUG
128
how many stop codons are there?
3
129
what are the 3 stop codons?
UAA, UGA, UAG
130
the smallest mRNA has ________ codons
50
131
normal mRNA have ________ codons
200-500
132
what is the range of the amount of codons that mRNA can have
50-2000
133
codon:
sequence of 3 nucleotides
134
gene is a code for _________
one protein
135
amino acids bonded together in long chains to form a protein
polypeptide chains
136
bonds formed between the amino acids holding them in proper sequence
peptide bond
137
____________ encompasses the many chemical reactions occurring within a cell
cellular metabolism
138
the many chemical reactions occurring with a cell store and release ________ used to carry out cellular functions
energy
139
TRUE OR FALSE: Enzymes are not consumed in their function to alter reactions
true
140
TRUE OR FALSE: glycolysis is an aerobic stage of cellular respiration
false, anaerobic
141
Enzymes have a ose suffix in their name
false, "ase"
142
within a cell thousands of chemical reactions take place to keep the cell in homeostasis
true
143
NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers
true
144
enzymes in the body become denatured at temperature around 35 C
False, 55 C
145
all enzymes work at the same rate on their substrates
false
146
a single specific enzyme can work on many different substrates
false, one
147
glycolysis takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
false, cytoplasm
148
in the electron transport chain stages of cellular respiration ADP is converted back into ATP with help of ATP synthase
True
149
The production (making)o of proteins is a(n)
anabolic reaction
150
a net gain of _________ ATP is produced as a result of glycolysis
2
151
in which stage of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide (CO2) produced>
Kreb's cycle
152
in which stage of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced
Electron Transport chain
153
in which stage of cellular respiration are pyruvic molecules produced
glycolysis
154
in which stage of cellular respiration is heat and water produced
electron transport chain
155
in which stage of cellular respiration is ATP produced
all of the above; glycolysis, kreb's cycle, electron transport chain
156
citric acid cycle is another name for which stage of cellular respiration
kreb's cycle
157
Enzymes function by lowering the ______________ energy of chemical reactions
activation energy
158
a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions is called a ________
metabolic pathway
159
an enzyme's _____________ allows it to recognize its substrate
conformation
160
a reaction that uses oxygen is called _______
aerobic
161
any substance that binds to an enzyme is called a(n)
substrate
162
list 3 circumstances/factors that may denature an enzyme:
a) exposure to heat
b) radiation
c) electricity
163
Write the chemical equation that is used to explain cellular respiration below:
C6H12O6 + O2 ----> 36 ATP + CO2 + H2O + Heat
164
list the stages of the cell cycle and tell what happens at each stage:
G1 - Gap Stage 1 - Growth
S - Synthesis - DNA Replication
G2 - Gap Stage 2 - Growth/organelles duplicatory
M - Mitosis/Meiosis - separating chromosomes to create 2/4 nuclei
C - Cytokinesis - split cytoplasm to create 2/4 daughter cells
165
The first 3 stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2) are often referred to as
interphase
166
List 3 cells in the body do not complete the cell cycle
skeletal muscle cells, neurons, red blood cells, also gametes
167
List 3 possible outcomes for a cell that enters the cell cycle
a) the cell specializes (differentiation)
b) the cell dies (apoptosis)
c) continues through cell cycle
168
split cytoplasm to create 2/4 daughter cells, (fifth stage of the cell cycle)
cytokinesis
169
the new cells made at the end of the cell cycle
daughter cells
170
TRUE OR FALSE: Human cells continually divide forever
FALSE, because telomeres shorten until they can't be used anymore
171
TRUE OR FALSE: All cells completely go through the Cell Cycle
FALSE, some die and some specialize
172
TRUE OR FALSE: In the S phase of the Cell Cycle, the cytoplasm of the cell splits creating 2 new cells
FALSE
173
TRUE OR FALSE: If the cell cycle happens too fast cancer could possibly be a result
TRUE
174
TRUE OR FALSE: Groups of special proteins (enzymes) regulate the progression of the Cell Cycle at different times in the cell cycle called checkpoints
TRUE
175
List the 4 stages of Mitosis in order
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
176
In what stage do the chromosomes line up at the equator
metaphase
177
in what stage to chromosomes first appear
prophase
178
in what stage does the nuclear membrane disappear
prophase
179
in which stage are 2 identical diploid nuclei produced
telophase
180
at what stage are the sister chromatid ripped apart
anaphase
181
what term is used to describe a human.nuclei cell have 2 sets of chromosomes
diploid (2n)
182
the nucleus, in what type of cell, does mitosis happen
somatic cell
183
as a result of mitosis in humans, the nuclei produced have how many chromomes
46
184
what 3 things happen in meiosis that do not happen in mitosis? put them in the correct sequence they happen
a) synapsis
b) crossing over
c) skipping interphase/replication
185
what is the name of the specific type of cell that undergoes meiosis
Germ cell
186
the scientific name for sex cell is
gamete
187
how many nuclei are produced as a result of meiosis
4
188
how many chromosomes are in a nucleus produced as a result of meiosis
23
189
as the result of meiosis the 4 nuclei produced only have one set of chromosomes. If a cell's nucleus only has one set of chromosomes, that is referred to as
haploid
190
as a result of ________, 36 ATP and other products are produced from one molecule of glucose and oxygen
cellular respiration
191
The process that changes glucose into pyruvate is called
glycolysis
192
as a result of fermentation, ________ and _______ are produced
2 ATP, lactic acid
193
______________ are produced int he first 2 stages of cellular respiration and they are used to allow hydrogen ions to pass from inner membrane of the mitochondria to the outer membrane
electrons
194
hydrogen ions need to pass through __________ to signal it to add a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
ATP synthase
195
what are the reactants of cellular respiration
glucose, oxygen
196
what are the 2 electron carriers produced in the 2nd stage of cellular respiration
NADH, FADH2
197
List the 3 stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
198
end products of glycolysis
(4) 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP net gain, H+ electrons, NADH
199
end products of kreb's
(6) 2 ATP, citric acid, electrons, NADH, FADH2, CO2
200
end products of ETC
(3) 24-32 ATP, H2O, heat
201
What is the final electron exceptor in the ETC/cellular respiration
O2/Oxygen
202
When there is not enough oxygen, only 2 ATP and lactic acid are made
fermentation
203
Lactic acid builds up in a (usually muscle) cell, we want it to get excreted, it'll go to the liver, which turns it back into ________, can happen between ___ and ___ minutes
glucose, 60, 90
204
The enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the DNA to go with the original DNA templates is called
DNA polymerase
205
The nitrogen bases in DNA are
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
206
The enzyme that removes the RNA primers form the newly created DNA strands is called
exonuclease
207
TRUE OR FALSE: The entire DNA is copied at the same time
FALSE, different times
208
TRUE OR FALSE: the bonds that hold the DNA in its double helix shape are peptide bonds
FALSE, hydrogen bonds
209
When DNA is replicated the DNA Is unwound and the copied. Write the complimentary DNA strand to AATTAATTCCGG:
TTAATTAAGGCC
210
Any strand with 'T' in it is automatically...
DNA
211
Why does DNA replication have to happen in cells as they progress through the cell cycle
because the two new daughter cells have to have their own complete cells of DNA
212
How does DNA polymerase know where to start?
the RNA primers
213
what does the letter itself stand for on a DNA template
the letter itself is a nitrogen base
214
what does the letter, strand, and dash stand for on a DNA template
the letter, strand, and dash is a phosphate group; deoxyribose
215
How many nucleotide parties make up your DNA?
3 billion
216
____________ on your DNA contain the information to make proteins
Genes
217
Another name given for protein synthesis is
gene expression
218
Protein synthesis in two steps: correct order and brief description!
Transcription - when a gene is copied into mRNA
Translation - tRNA reads mRNA to make a protein
219
The enzyme ____________ breaks the hydrogen bonds between the DNA nucleotides which in turn unzips the DNA so mRNA can be made
RNA polymerase
220
A sequence of 3 nucleotides such as (AAG) is called a
codon
221
the building blocks of proteins are
amino acids
222
where does protein synthesis take place?
transcription - nucleus
translation - at ribozomes in cytoplasm
223
the started codon on mRNA for making a protein is
AUG
224
the enzyme responsible for creating the mRNA strand is
RNA polymerase
225
Messenger RNA (mRNA) contains the information to make a specific
protein
226
The complementary RNA strand to AATTAATTCCGG is
UUAAUUAAGGCC
227
Proteins are composed of long chains of
amino acids
228
List 3 differences between DNA and RNA
DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded
DNA has 'T''s, RNA has 'U''s
DNA is your entire genome, RNA is a single gene
DNA is deoxyribose, RNA is ribose
229
How many different amino acids make up our proteins?
20
230
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
GLYCOLYSIS
D) Cellular Respiration
231
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
SYNAPSIS
B) Meiosis
232
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
Citric Acid
D) Cellular Respiration
233
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
PROPHASE
A) Mitosis
234
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
EXONUCLEASE
C) DNA Replication
235
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
DIPLOID NUCLEI
A) Mitosis
236
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
AMINO ACIDS
E) Protein Synthesis
237
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
HELICASE
C) DNA Replication
238
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
RNA Polymerase
E) Protein Synthesis
239
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
GLUCOSE
D) Cellular Respiration
240
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
CROSSING OVER
B) Meiosis (PROPHASE I)
241
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
METAPHASE II
B) Meiosis
242
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
PYRUVIC ACID
D) Cellular Respiration
243
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
CODONS
E) Protein Synthesis
244
In which stage does this occur?
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) DNA Replication
D) Cellular Respiration
E) Protein Synthesis
tRNA
E) Protein Synthesis
245
large molecules in the nucleus of a cell that contains all the genetic information of an organism
DNA
246
much smaller molecules and contains the information of a single gene
RNA
247
what are the bases of RNA
adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
248
is mRNA small enough to escape the nucleus or no?
yes. it leaves the nucleus and relays information to the ribosomes
249
there are over ________ different proteins in the body
100,000
250
a sequence of three nucleotides
codon
251
a segment of DNA, code for one protein
gene
252
A, T, G, C, ------- "U" replace "t" if RNA
nitrogen bases
253
consists of a nitrogen base, sugar, and a phosphate group
A) 3 billion of these pairs compose the DNA strand
nucleotides
254
bonds that hold nucleotides together and hold DNA in a double helix
hydrogen bonds
255
example of an amino acid
CCG is proline
256
amino acids bonded together in long chains to form proteins
polypeptide chains
257
bonds formed between the amino acids holding them in proper sequence
peptide bonds
258
a sequence of three nucleotides (codon) attached to a tRNA
anticodon
259
DNA must ______ at one specific section (gene)
uncoil
260
mRNA contains information to _________ a specific protein
assemble
261
Whenn mRNA is made DNA winds back in ___________
double helix
262
within a cell many thousands of chemical reactions take place to keep the cell in _____________. a constant supply of energy is needed for these reactions and enzymes to control the rate at which these reactions take place
homeostasix
263
Examples of chemical reactions:
cellular respiration, protein synthesis, cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, DNA replication
264
the set of chemical reactions that acquire, store, and release energy in cells
cellular metabolism
265
the energy for cellular metabolism comes from the _________ of nutrient molecules from the diet
chemical bonds
266
build large molecules from small ones
dehydration synthesis is an example
anabolic reaction
267
breakdown of larger molecules to small ones
hydrolysis is an example
catabolic reaction
268
examples of anabolic reactions by dehydration synthesis
the production of glycogen (polysaccharide)
the production of triglycerides
the production of proteins
the production of nucleic acids
269
examples of catabolic reactions by hydrolysis
breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides (digestion)
breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids
breakdown of proteins into amino acids
breakdown of nucleic acids into sugar, phosphoric acid, and purine/pyrimidine
270
splits DNA strand in half
Helicase
271
single stranded binding proteins
SSB
272
starts the process of DNA replication by making RNA
primase
273
aDDS bases, can only be Fe added from 5" to 3"
DNA Polymerase
274
seals up the fragments of DNA in both strands
ligase
275
removes all the RNA primers from both strands of DNA
exonuclease
276
Explain the DNA complementary strand
Since DNA has two strands, every DNA sequence has a complementary sequence running parallel. In the complementary sequence, Adenine (A) is always paired with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) is always paired with Guanine (G).
277
Semi-conservative
each strand of DNA serves as a template to make a new, complementary strand
278
provides the acetyl group for energy synthesis in the Krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA
279
Acetyl CoA is created by ____________during cellular respiration and subsequently enters the Krebs cycle
pyruvate
