Anatomy Chapter 2 Test Flashcards
(380 cards)
1
Q
cardiology
A
branch of medical science dealing with the heart and its diseases
2
Q
cytology
A
study of the structure, function, and abnormalities of the cells
3
Q
dermatology
A
study of the skin and its diseases
4
Q
endocrinology
A
study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and their diseases
5
Q
epidemiology
A
study of the factors determining the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions in a defined human population
6
Q
gastroenterology
A
study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases
7
Q
geriatrics
A
branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems
8
Q
gerontology
A
study of the aging process
9
Q
gynecology
A
study of the female reproductive system and its diseases
10
Q
hematologyst
A
study of the blood and blood diseases
11
Q
histology
A
study of the structure and function of tissues
12
Q
immunology
A
study of the body’s resistance to infectious disease
13
Q
neonatology
A
study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders
14
Q
nephrology
A
study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys
15
Q
obstetrics
A
branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth
16
Q
oncology
A
study of cancers
17
Q
ophthalmology
A
study of the eye and eye diseases
18
Q
orthopedics
A
branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems
19
Q
otolaryngology
A
study of the ear, throat, and larynx and their diseases
20
Q
pathology
A
study of structural and functional changes that disease causes
21
Q
pediatrics
A
branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases
22
Q
pharmacology
A
study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of disease
23
Q
podiatry
A
study of the care and treatment of feet
24
Q
psychiatry
A
branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders
25
radiology
a study of X rays and radioactive substances and their uses in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
26
toxicology
study of poisonous substances and their upon body parts
27
urology
branch of medicine dealing with the urinary system, apart from the kidneys and the male reproductive system, and their diseases
28
Level of organization of the human body
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
29
Characteristics of Life:
growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism, respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion
30
increase in cell number and size and increase in body size
growth
31
producing new cells and organism
reproduction
32
reaction to a change inside or outside of the body
responsiveness
33
change in body position or location; motion of internal organs
movement
34
the sum of all chemical reactions in a living system energy production and nutrient cycling
metabolism
35
Making energy. Most organisms do it by taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide
respiration
36
breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption into the blood
digestion
37
moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids
circulation
38
removing waste products
excretion
39
Five environmental requirements to maintain life:
water, food, heat, pressure, oxygen
40
what is homeostasis
the condition of a stable internal environment
41
the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems that share what three components
receptors, set point, effectors
42
provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment
receptors
43
tells what a particular value should be, such as body temperature
set point
44
bring about responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
effectors
45
If the receptor measures deviations from the set point, effectors are activated that can return conditions toward normal. As conditions return toward normal, the deviation from the set point progressively lessens and the effectors are gradually shut down.
negative feedback mechanism
46
Examples of a negative feedback mechanism:
A room has a furnace and air conditioner. If the room temperature is to remain near 20 C (68 F), the thermostat is adjusted to an operating level, or set point of 20 C. A thermostat, which senses temperature changed, signals the furnace to start and the air conditioner to stop whenever the room temperature drops below the set point. If the temperature rises above the set point, the thermostat stops the furnace and starts the air conditioner. As a result, the room maintains a relatively constant temperature.
Body temperature is also regulated in this way. The "thermostat" is in the brain, and if the temperature of the body reaches too high or drops too low, the brain signals and measures are taken (like shivering or sweating) for the body temperature to return to normal.
47
A process that moves conditions away from the normal state
positive feedback mechanism
48
Two examples of positive feedback mechanisms:
In blood clotting, the chemicals that carry out clotting stimulate more clotting, minimizing bleeding.
Another positive feedback mechanism increases the strength of the uterine contractions during childbirth, helping to bring the new individual into the world.
49
What kind of conditions do positive feedback mechanisms produce?
unstable
50
hormone produced by pituitary glands that stimulates uterine contractions
oxytocine
51
What is a body cavity?
open spaces in the human body filled with organs and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty
52
What are the two main body cavities?
dorsal and ventral
53
What are the two subdivisions of the two main body cavities (dorsal and ventral?
Cranial and vertebral
54
How many structures are in the cranial cavity
3
55
What are the three structures in the cranial cavity?
brain, pituitary gland, hypothalamus
56
how many structures are in the vertebral cavity?
1
57
What structure(s) in the vertebral cavity?
spinal cord
58
What are the three subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
59
What are the three subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?
2 pleural cavities and mediastinum
60
how many structures are in the thoracic cavity
7
61
What are the seven structures in the thoracic cavity?
lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
62
How many structures are in the abdominal cavity?
10
63
What are the structures in the abdominal cavity?
liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, adrenal gland, large and small intestines, pancreas, kidneys, ureters
64
How many structures are in the pelvic cavity?
4
65
What structures are in the pelvic cavity?
urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries
66
area that separates the thoracic cavity into different regions
mediastinum
67
How many structures are in the mediastinum?
4
68
What are the structures in the mediastinum?
heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus
69
What are some examples of smaller cavities?
oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear
70
internal organs of the body, especially in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
viscera
71
examples of visceral organs
stomach, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys
72
How many membranes are there?
4
73
What are the four membranes?
parietal, visceral, peritoneal, pericardial
74
do the parietal and visceral membranes touch?
no
75
meaning of the prefix "peri"
lining around
76
what is the difference between parietal and visceral membranes?
parietal are attached to the wall of a cavity, visceral are deeper and cover internal organs
77
What directly covers each lung?
viscera pleura
78
What covers the heart and does it cover it directly?
pericardial, no
79
what is the lining membrane in the abdominalpelvic cavity called?
peritoneal membranes
80
how many bones are in the skull
22
81
how many bones in the hyoid
1
82
how many bones in the vertebral column
26
83
how many bones in the shoulder (s)
2-4
84
how many bones in the ribcage
25
85
how many bones in the arm(s)
30-60
86
how many hip bones
2
87
how many bones in the leg(s)
30-60
88
scientific term for front of the body
anterior
89
scientific term for back of the body
posterior
90
what is this: palms are facing forward and forearms are parallel, body is standing erect or laying flat, arms to the side of the body
anatomical position
91
closer to the midline
medial
92
farther from the midline
lateral
93
imaginary line that separates the right and left sides of the body
midline
94
biggest and strongest of the vetebrae
lumbar
95
how many carpals on each hand
8-16 for both
96
the design of a ________ is intended to replace the anatomical structure and function of the original body part, providing a wholeness to the person
prosthetic
97
what does the root word osteo mean
bone
98
root word itis means
swelling
99
what are some examples of organs (3 examples)
heart, lungs, kidneys
100
four tissues
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
101
two examples of organelles
mitochondria, ribozomes
102
which two cavities are in the dorsal cavity
cranial and vertebral
103
cranial cavity includes:
brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata)
104
What does the medulla oblongata control?
heart rate and breathing
105
What cavity contains most organs?
ventral cavity
106
What is contained in the thoracic cavity?
lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland
107
the most outside membrane
parietal
108
deep; these membranes surround each individual organ
visceral
109
pericardial membrane -
lining, heart
110
pleural membrane -
lungs
111
what brings your food to your stomach
esophagus
112
what is your windpipe
trachea
113
important things to know about water:
most abundant chemical in all living systems
60% of the body is made up of water
required for many metabolic processes
regulates body temp
constitutes intra/extra/inter cellular fluid
114
important things to know about oxygen:
1/5 of ordinary air (20%)
most of what you breath in is not oxygen
oxygen releases energy from food sources
115
important things to know about food:
provides us with nutrients/chemicals that we need to do chemical reactions
food is brought in and waste chemicals are eliminated
116
important things to know about heat
heat is a product of metabolic reactions
117
important things to know about pressure
must have pressure to breathe (atmospheric pressure)
must have pressure for blood flow to move nutrient throughout the body
118
not only do you need food, water, oxygen, heat, and pressure, you a good _________ and _________ of them.
quantity, quality
119
concerning receptors, nerves or rather the ends of nerves, send info to ____________________
central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
120
What knows the body temp regular state, the set point
hypothalamus
121
What is the same thing as the colon
large intestines
122
steps to maintain body temp at 98.6 if it falls below
below: person is exposed to cold and temp begins to drop, the temp receptors sense this change and the temp control center triggers heat-generating and heat conserving activities, muscles are stimulated to contract involuntarily, called shivering. this contraction produces heat, which helps warm the body. at the same time, blood vessels in the skin are signaled to constrict so that less war blood flows through them, in this way, deeper tissues retain heat that might otherwise be lost
123
steps to maintain body temp at 98.6 if it falls above
above: person is overheated, brain’s temp control center triggers a series of changes that promote loss of body heat. sweat glands in the skin secrete perspiration, and as this fluid evaporates from the surface, heat is carried away and skin is cooled. at the same time, the brain center dilates blood vessels in the skin. this action allows more blood carrying heat from deeper tissues to reach the surface where the heat is lost to the outside, the brain stimulates an increase in heart rate, which sens a greater volume of blood into surface vessels, and an increase in breathing rate, which allows the lungs to expel more heat-carrying air
124
what does the axial portion include
head, neck, trunk, appendicular
125
broad, thick skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
diaphragm
126
what is the thoracic cavity composed of?
skin, skeletal muscles, various bones
127
the viscera within the abdominal cavity includes the…
stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines
128
portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones
pelvic cavity
129
which cavity contained the teeth and tongue
oral
130
with cavity is located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by a septum
nasal
131
which cavity contained the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
orbital
132
which cavity contained the middle ear bones
middle ear cavities
133
a body part is above another part
superior
134
a body part is below another part
inferior
135
means toward the front
anterior
136
means toward the back
posterior
137
refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves
medial
138
means toward the side, away from the midline
lateral
139
refers to paired structures, one of which is on each side of the midline
bilateral
140
refers to structures on the same side
ipsilateral
141
refers to structures on the opposite side
contralateral
142
describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is
proximal
143
opposite of proximal, it means that a particular body part is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is
distal
144
means situated near the surface
superficial
145
describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts
deep
146
refers to a lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions
sagittal
147
refers to a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse
148
refers to a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
frontal
149
neither parallel nor at a right angle to a specified or implied line; slanting
oblique
150
the region between the thorax and pelvis
abdominal
151
the point of the shoulder
acromial
152
the forearm
antebrachial
153
the space in front of the elbow
antecubital
154
the armpit
brachial
155
the cheek
buccal
156
the heel
calcaneal
157
the wrist
carpal
158
the abdomen
celiac
159
the head
cephalic
160
the neck
cervical
161
the ribs
costal
162
the hip
coxal
163
the leg
crural
164
the elbow
cubital
165
the finger or toe
digital
166
the back
dorsal
167
the thigh
femoral
168
the forehead
frontal
169
the external reproductive organs
genital
170
the buttocks
gluteal
171
the groin - the depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh
inguinal
172
the loin - the region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis
lumbar
173
the breast
mammary
174
the chin
mental
175
the nose
nasal
176
the lower posterior region of the head
occipital
177
the mouth
oral
178
the bony socket of the eye
orbital
179
the palm of the hand
palmar
180
the front of the knee
patellar
181
the anterior chest
pectoral
182
the foot
pedal
183
the pelvis
pelvic
184
the perineum - the inferior-most region of the trunk between the buttocks and the thighs
perineal
185
the sole of the foot
plantar
186
the area behind the knee
popliteal
187
the posterior region between the hip bones
sacral
188
the middle of the thorax, anteriorly
sternal
189
the calf of the leg
sural
190
the ankle
tarsal
191
the navel
umbilical
192
the spinal column
vertebral
193
_________ drives the movement of matter within and between the systems of the human body.
Energy
194
Energy is stored and released through the creation and destruction of _____________.
chemical bonds
195
________ is a natural protein composite found in many grains such as what, barley, and rye.
Gluten
196
Some individuals develop an immune response to gluten where their body's own immune system attacks and gradually damages the ______ of the small intestine, where ________________ normally occurs.
villi, nutrient absorption
197
Nutrients that are not absorbed by the body draw _________ toward them as they are eliminated from the body, resulting diarrhea, among other symptoms.
water
198
the hereditary condition where your body reacts to gluten by one's own immune system attacks and damages the villi of the small intestine
celiac disease
199
What is essential for people with celiac disease?
strict gluten-free diet
200
Some people are _______, where they experience symptoms similar to celiac disease but do not test positive for celiac disease.
gluten sensitive
201
A wheat allergy is a ________________ to one or more proteins found in wheat and may be the cause of the symptoms, which an allergy test can confirm.
hypersensitive response
202
There is some evidence that certain _________________ might be the cause of gastrointestinal distress, and these carbohydrates happen to be found alongside gluten in some foods.
short-chained carbohydrates
203
a branch of science that studies matter, its composition, its properties, and how matter reacts with other matter
chemistry
204
anything that has mass and volume
matter
205
everything is composed of ______ and is composed of ____ and ________.
matter, atoms, elements
206
the smallest part of an element that retains the properties of that element
atom
207
what are atoms composed of
protons, neutrons, electrons
208
a group of like atoms combined together that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
element
209
a substance that contains 2 or more atoms covalently bonded together
molecule
210
a substance that contains two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion
compound
211
forces that hold the atoms together in a compound or molecule form
chemical bonds
212
what are the two types of bonds
ionic and covalent
213
what are the seven most abundant elements in the body?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous, potassium
214
what is the percent of oxygen in the body?
65%
215
what is the percent of carbon in the body?
18.5%
216
what is the percent of hydrogen in the body?
9.5%
217
what is the percent of nitrogen in the body?
3.2%
218
what is the percent of calcium in the body?
1.5%
219
what is the percent of phosphorous in the body?
1.0%
220
what is the percent of potassium in the body?
.4%
221
what are the next four most common elements in the body?
sulfur, chlorine, sodium, magnesium
222
what are the trace elements?
chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, zinc
223
which two elements are liquid at room tempertaure
mercury and bromine
224
which elements are metalloids
B, Si, As, Te, Ge, Sb
225
nonmetals on periodic table
everything to the right of metalloids, as well as hydrogen
226
trace elements all together are less than ____ in the human body
0.1%
227
_______ are found outside the nucleus in energy levels
electrons
228
Energy levels can contain a maximum of ___, ___, ___, ___ electrons per energy level.
2, 8, 18, 32
229
An atom is neutral when the number of _________ and ________ are the same.
electrons, protons
230
An atom is stable if the atom's outermost energy level is considered ___________.
full of electrons
231
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
232
the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic mass number
233
tells how many energy levels an atom has
period number
234
tells how many electrons are in the outer shell of an atom (valence electrons)
Roman numeral
235
atoms of an element with different number of neutrons in its nucleus
isotope
236
a charged atom
ion
237
an atom that has the same number of protons as electrons
neutral atom
238
an atom that has its outside energy level full of electrons
stable atom
239
chemical symbol in specific color:
a) Red -
b) Blue -
c) Black -
gas at room temperature
liquid at room tempertaure
solid at room temperature
240
Chemical symbol not colored means the element is a _____________.
synthetic element
241
bonds found between metals and non-metals that hold the atoms together in compound form
ionic bond
242
Ionic bonds form when __________ are exchanged between atoms.
electrons
243
bonds found between non-metals that hold the atoms together in compound or molecule form
covalent bond
244
covalent bonds form when electrons are ______________.
shared between non-metal atoms
245
What is a molecule?
when 2 or more atoms are covalently combined
246
examples of molecules
O2, H2O
247
What is a compound?
when 2 or more DIFFERENT atoms combine in a fixed composition
248
examples of compounds
NaCl, H2O
249
the shorthand writing of a molecule or compound
chemical formula/molecular formula
250
Chemical formula for Glucose
C6H12O6
251
________ is a sugar that contains 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen
Glucose
252
Glucose is both a ________ and a ________.
molecule, compound
253
show how many atoms are joined and how those atoms are arranged in molecules
structural formulas
254
What are the three types of chemical reactions?
synthesis, decomposition, exchange
255
A + B = AB
Synthesis
256
AB = A + B
Decomposition
257
AB + CD = AC + BD
Exchange
258
reactions in which the products can turn back into the reactants
reversible reactions
259
these reaction synthesize larger molecules from smaller molecules
anabolic
260
these reactions break down larger molecules into smaller ones
catabolic
261
substances that can change the rate of a reaction without being consumed
catalysts
262
act as catalysts in the human body
enzymes
263
root word ase
enzymes
264
substances that release ions in water
electrolytes
265
_______ are electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water
acid
266
_______ are electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions
OFTEN IS DESCRIBED AS RELEASING HYDROXIDE IONS (OH-)
base
267
How do you know if a substance is an ACID or a BASE?
A scale called a pH scale is used. The pH of a substances measures the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
a) .1--6.9 is an acid
b) 7 is neutral
c) 7.1--14 is considered a base
268
substances that do not release ions when dissolved in water
non-electrolytes
269
example of a reversible reaction
H2O --> <-- H2 + O2
270
why do bonds form between atoms/elements
to make a full outer energy level and become stable
271
this formula represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule. such a formula displays the symbols for the elements in the molecule and the number of atoms of each element
molecular/chemical formula
272
show how atoms are joined and arranged in molecules. single lines represent single bonds, and double lines represent double bonds
structural formulas
273
What type of formulas are the following?
H-H O=O H H O=C=O
\/
O
structural formula
274
What type of formulas are the following?
H2 O2 H2O CO2
molecular/chemical formula
275
The __________ speedily yet carefully up updates customers' record and processes insurance information, accepts payment, and hands customers their prescriptions.
pharmacy technician
276
What do the jobs of the pharmacy technician include?
update customer records, process insurance information, accepts payment, hands customers their perscriptions
277
The pharmacy technician can answer practical questions, such as when to ____________, but asks the pharmacist to address ____________.
take a medication, health-related concerns
278
In addition to customer service skills, the pharmacy technician does the following:
gather information from health-care professionals or from patients about particular prescriptions
checks drug inventories
prepares ointments
counts pills
measures liquid mideications
packages and labels drug containers
279
The pharmacist verifies that the prescription has been _________ and ________ properly.
prepared, labeled
280
The pharmacy technician may also assist at special events, such as ____________ and ___________.
vaccination clinics, education sessions
281
Pharmacy technicians work where?
Stand-alone pharmacies
supermarkets and big-box stores
hospitals
skilled nursing facilities
mail-order dispensaries
282
What is required to be a pharmacy technician?
a high school diploma and in some states a training program and certification
283
The pharmacy technician job requires _______, _____________, and ___________.
stamina, attention to detail to avoid errors, a friendly approach to serving customers
284
Why are antibiotics not a standard treatment for the flu?
Viruses are surrounded by a protective protein coating; they don't have cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics like bacteria does. It is because of this that antibiotics don't really work on viruses.
285
____________ are useful in studying life processes and in diagnosing and treating some diseases.
Radioactive chemicals
286
____________ is detected with special equipment, such as a scintillation counter.
atomic radiation
287
A _____________ can be introduced into an organism and then traced as it enters into metabolic activities.
radioactive isotope
288
For example, the ____________ is unique in using the element iodine in its metabolism.
human thyroid gland
289
Therefore, radioactive iodine-131 is used to study thyroid functions and to evaluate ____________.
thyroid disease
290
Doctors use thallium-201, which has a half-life of 73.5 hours, to ______________, and gallium-67, with a half-life of 78 hours, to __________________.
assess heart conditions, detect and monitor the progress of certain cancers and inflammatory diseases
291
Atomic radiation can also change _____________ and in this way alter vital cellular processes.
chemical structures
292
Doctors sometimes use radioactive isotopes, such as cobalt-60, to _______________. The radiation from the cobalt preferentially _____ the rapidly dividing cancer cells.
treat cancers, kills
293
Exposure to _________ can cause disease, such as certain cancers.
radiation
294
The transfer of energy as radiation is emitted damages _____ in ways that kill cells or make them cancerous.
DNA
295
Exposure to _____________ causes skin cancer, and excess ____________ or __________ increase the risk of developing cancer in certain body parts.
ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, medical X rays, gamma rays
296
is this an isotope or ion: 16 protons, 18 electrons, 16 neutrons
and what is it
ion, S with a 2- charge
297
a stable atom has a balanced number of _______ and ______
protons, neutrons
298
what are the organic molecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
299
organic substance that contains C, H, O usually in a 1:2:1 ration
carbohydrates
300
carbohydrates are a primary source of ____
ATP
301
carbohydrates are often called ________
sugars
302
Examples of carbohydrates
glucose, lactose, sucrose, fructose
303
sugars with 6-carbon atoms are known as simple sugars also called
monosaccharides
304
examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
305
Simple sugars combine to form more complex sugars called ______________ or _____________.
disaccharides, polysaccharides
306
what are disaccharatides
double sugars
307
what are polysaccharides
many sugars linked together
308
examples of disaccharides
sucrose and lactose
309
examples of polysaccharides
plant, starch, glycogen**
310
Know the chemical formula for glucose
C6H12O6
311
know the chemical formula for sucrose
C12H22O11
312
where is glycogen stored in your body
skeletal muscles, liver
313
3 types of muscles
cardiac muscle, involuntary muscle, skeletal muscle
314
same chemical formula for different molecules are _________
isomeres
315
building blocks of carbohydrates
6 carbon sugars
316
organic substance that contains C, H, O, usually not in a 1:2:1 ratio
lipids
317
lipids may also contain _____
phosphorous
318
lipids provide __________
cell structure - plasma membrane
319
________, along with carbohydrates, are also a source for _____ production
ATP
320
Lipids are ________ in water
insoluble
321
examples of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids
322
BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS: what are the building blocks of fats
3 fatty acid molecules bound to a glycerol molecule
323
BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS: what are the different types of fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated
324
Fat has more energy per gram than __________-
carbohydrates
325
BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS: what are the building blocks of phospholipids
similar to fats except 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains
326
Phospholipids are an important structure in the _________ of cells
plasma membrane
327
BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS: what are the building blocks of steroids
4 connected rings of carbon atoms
328
what are examples of steroids
cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D
329
where are phospholipids abundant?
liver and parts of the nervous system
330
Why is vitamin D classified as a steroid?
because of its structure NOT its function
331
How long does it take the body to digest 200 calories?
1 hour
332
1 gram of carbs = how many calories?
4 cal
333
1 gram of protein = how many calories?
4 cal
334
1 gram of fat = how many calories?
9 cal
335
Which of the four organic molecules is DEFINITELY insoluble in water?
LIPIDS, specifically fats
336
organic substances composed of C, H, O, N, that function as structural materials, energy sources, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones
proteins
337
Proteins may also contain
sulfur
338
building blocks of proteins
amino acids (20)
339
what is the order and shape of molecules
conformation
340
examples of proteins
keratin, collagen, fibrin, hemoglobin, enzymes
341
conformation and sequence of amino acids in protein gives the protein its ________
function/role
342
Give an example of proteins losing their special properties (egg example)
Heat denatures the protein in egg white, changing it from a liquid to a solid. This is an irreversible change - hard boiled egg cannot return to uncooked, runny state. Similarly, cellular proteins that are denatured may be permanently altered and lose their functions.
343
organic substances composed of C, H, O, N, P that are large and complex and functions in protein synthesis and contains your genetic information (DNA and RNA)
nucleic acids
344
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides (also building blocks of DNA and RNA)
345
what do nucleotides contain?
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
346
DNA ---
deoxyribose and double helix
347
RNA ---
ribose and single stranded
348
your own immune system fights your own body tissues
auto immune disorder
349
tiny, finger-like projections in the small intestines that help absorb nutrients from your food
villi
350
blood vessels that are arteries that carry blood away from thee heart
capillaries
351
Are capillaries arteries or veins?
arteries
352
___________ are the smallest arteries
capillaries
353
the ONLY blood vessel where the things on the inside can get out and wastes and CO2 can get in
capillaries
354
Gluten is a ______
protein
355
Everything is a _______
chemical
356
Is NaCl a molecule?
NO
357
Are molecules metals, metalloids, nonmetals, or a combination?
nonmetals
358
what is the formula for dehydration synthesis
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 --> C12H22O11 + H2O
359
water is needed to break components apart
inorganic substances
360
common inorganic substances in cells include:
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts
361
what is considered the "universal solvent" because many substances readily dissolve in it
water
362
a substance dissolved in a liquid such as water; as it dissolves, it's broken down into smaller and smaller pieces
solute
363
a substance where other substances dissolve
solvent
364
most metabolic reactions occur in...
water
365
what binds and carries most of the oxygen around the body
red blood cells
366
scientific name for red blood cell
erythrocyte
367
carbon dioxide is produced as a __________ when certain metabolic processes release energy and it's then exalted from the lungs
waste product
368
what supply is with ions?
salts
369
a compound composed of oppositely charged ions, like sodium and chloride; abundant in tissues and fluids
salts
370
Salts dissociate to provide many necessary ions, including...
sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, and sulfate
371
These ions (salts) are important in metabolic processes, like the transport of substances ______________, ________ contraction, and ______________ in nerve cells.
into and out of cells, muscle, impulse conduction
372
what is the pH of human blood
7.4
373
is olive oil saturated or unsaturated
unsaturated
374
is butter saturated or unsaturated
saturated
375
what are the 10 inorganic ions
bicarbonate, calcium, carbonate, chloride, hydrogen, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium, sulfate
376
Chloride Ions symbol and function
Cl- major extracellular negatively charged ion
377
Hydrogen ion symbol and function
H+ pH of the internal environment
378
Magnesium ion symbol and function
Mg+2 component of bone tissue
379
Potassium ion symbol and function
K+ required for polarization of cell membranes
380
Sodium ion symbol and function
Na+ required for polarization of cell membranes; helps maintain water balance
