Muscular Contraction + The Nervous System Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
__________ is simply where there is a gap between the actin.
A
H-zone
2
Q
__________ is anywhere there is no miosin.
A
I-band
3
Q
__________ absolutely MUST have miosin.
A
A-bands
4
Q
The _________ slides over the ________, changing the H-zones
A
actin, myosin
5
Q
Do A-bands ever change?
A
never
6
Q
Do I-bands ever change?
A
yes
7
Q
neurotransmitter specific to making muscles contract
A
acetylcholine (Ach)
8
Q
Nerves cannot do their job without _________
A
calcium
9
Q
When do the cross-bridges jump up and grab on?
A
when the actin-binding sites are exposed
10
Q
sends nerve impulses to the muscle
A
motor neuron
11
Q
True or False: One motor neuron can control ONLY ONE muscle fiber.
A
False, many
12
Q
contain synaptic vesicles which contain Ach
A
synaptic knob
13
Q
_________ enters the synaptic knob (when the nerve impulse reaches the knob), which forces the vesicles to the bottom of the synaptic knob.
A
Calcium
14
Q
What is the gap between called?
A
synaptic cleft
15
Q
_______ binds to the receptor
A
Ach
16
Q
is the cell membrane/outer covering of the muscle
A
sarcolemma
17
Q
where the receptors are, the indented portion of the muscle
A
motor endplate
18
Q
found in sarcolemma and attach to Ach
A
protein receptor
19
Q
nerve impulse is changed into this because nerves don’t speak muscle
A
muscle impulse
20
Q
a hole leading through to transverse tubule
A
transverse tubule opening
21
Q
muscle impulse goes through this
A
transverse tubule (T-tubule)
22
Q
True or False: When you produce AchE, you start sending the nerve impulse.
A
False, you STOP sending it
23
Q
What destroyed Acetylcholine?
A
AchE
24
Q
Three basic functions of the nervous system
A
sensory function
integrative function
motor function
25
senses certain changes (stimuli) both inside and outside the body
sensory function
26
analyzes the sensory information, stores some aspects, and makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
integrative funtion
27
respond to stimulus by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions
motor funtion
28
Two main nervous system divisions
Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
29
The central nervous system contains the
brain and spinal cord
30
The peripheral Nervous system contains
all nerves in the body other than the brain and spinal cord
31
contains interneurons
central nervous system
32
contains sensory and motor neurons
peripheral Nervous system
33
divisions of PNS (peripheral Nervous system)
somatic nervous system (SNS) ---- Voluntary
autonomic/automatic nervous system (ANS) ---- involuntary
34
2 types of nerve cells in the nervous system
neurons, neuroglia
35
cells responsible for most special functions of the nervous system: sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscular activity, and regulating glandular activity
neurons
36
cells that support, nurture, and protect the neurons and maintain homeostasis of the fluid that bathes neurons
neurglia
37
Neurons: vary considerably in __________ and __________.
size, shape
38
All neurons have a ___________ and tubular, ____________ which conduct nerve impulses to or from the cell body.
cell body, cytoplasm-filled nerve fibers
39
Neurons have _____________ in the cell body just as normal body cells.
organelles
40
What are the 3 different types of neurons
sensory neurons (afferent neurons); interneurons (association neurons); motor neurons (efferent neurons)
41
pick up internal and external stimuli and carry those impulses from PNS to CNS
sensory neurons
42
Which neurons tell if you're out of homeostasis?
sensory neurons
43
How many sensory neurons per square inch of your skin?
1500
44
lie within the brain or spinal cord and link other neurons. transmit impulses from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another. they direct incoming sensory impulses to appropriate parts for processing and interpreting
interneurons
45
carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord. *STIMULATE MUSCLES TO CONTRACT OR GLANDS TO RELEASE SECRETIONS.*
motor neurons
46
What is the primary function of motor neurons?
Stimulate muscles to contract or glands to release secretions.
47
If the ___________ is damaged, you will not be able to survive
medulla oblangata
48
Which neurons take a problem, find the answer, and respond?
interneurons
49
Neuroglia fill about ______% of the CNS
50
50
Smaller but more numerous than neurons
Neuroglia
51
T OR F: Neuroglia can multiply, but cannot divide.
FALSE, they can do both.
52
Brain tumors commonly derive from __________.
glia (gliomas)
53
In injury, _________ fill in the spaces formerly occupied by neurons.
Neuroglia
54
How many different kinds of glial cells are there?
6
55
Name the 2 types of neuroglial cells that you need to know for the test.
Oligodendrocytes, Neurolemmocytes
56
Form myelin within the CNS, brain, and spinal cord
oligodendrocytes
57
produce myelin sheaths around PNS neuron
neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
58
__________________ are all about the movement of ions (charges) between the inside and outside of a neuron's membrane
Action potentials/nerve impulses
59
Important ions needed for nerve impulses:
Calcium (Ca^2+); Sodium (Na^+); Potassium (K^+); Phosphate (PO (base 4) ^3-); Sulfate (SO (base 4) ^2-)
60
the difference in the electrical charge between two areas
potential difference
61
in the case of a potential difference, the inside of the neuron is ___________ and the outside is ______________.
negative, positive
62
A great enough potential difference must be made before an actions potential can start.
All or None Principle
63
The difference (concerning the potential difference) is created by a _______________ that the body picks up and a build-up of certain ions on either side of the ____________.
stimulus, nerve cell membrane
64
When a neuron is undisturbed or at rest (no action potential is happening), the neuron has a negative charge inside of the membrane and outside of the neuron has a positive charge. This is called the ___________________________ and it is called ________________.
resting potential; polarized
65
The charge of a neuron at rest is negative inside because of the _____________ and ____________. These ions carry a larger negative charge.
sulfate ions (SO4), phosphate ions (PO4)
66
The charge of a neuron at rest is positive on outside of neuron because of all the ____________ outside the neuron.
sodium ions (Na)
67
______ can be found both on inside and outside of neuron when a neuron is at rest.
Potassium ions (K+)
68
the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of an undisturbed or resting neuron membrane.
resting potential
69
In order for an action potential to be achieved the membrane of a nerve cell must reach what is called the ________________.
threshold potential
70
For the threshold potential to be reached, the positive charge on the outside must build of large enough to start an ________________.
action potential
71
the rapid depolarization and repolarization in one area of a neuron's axon.
action potential
72
areas with unequal charges (inside neuron negative and the outside neuron positive)
polar
73
change in the charge between the membrane of the cell and the inside of the cell away from resting charge (action potential will be taking place at this time).
depolarization
74
the return of the charge between cell membrane and the inside of cell to its resting charge (action potential finished)
repolarization
75
A ________________ is a chain reaction nor wave of action potentials as it travels throughout the neuron.
nerve impulse
76
What is the simple definition for a nerve impulse?
The depolarization and repolarization along an entire axon.
77
Events leading to the conduction do a nerve impulse: STEP !
Neuron membrane maintains resting potential
78
Events leading to the conduction do a nerve impulse: STEP 2
Threshold stimulus received by an outside stimulus
79
Events leading to the conduction do a nerve impulse: STEP 3
Sodium channels in area open
80
Events leading to the conduction do a nerve impulse: STEP 4
Sodium ions diffuse inward, depolarizing the membrane
81
Events leading to the conduction do a nerve impulse: STEP 5
Potassium channels in the membrane open.
82
Events leading to the conduction do a nerve impulse: STEP 6
Potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane
83
Events leading to the conduction do a nerve impulse: STEP 7
An action potential has occurred and will stimulate the next area to do the same
84
Events leading to the conduction do a nerve impulse: STEP 8
A wave of action potentials travel the length of the axon as a nerve impulse
85
Two factors that affect the speed of nerve impulse conduction
If nerve fibers are myelinated
If diameter of the nerve fiber is larger
86
Structures that neurons form synapses/junctions with
1) other neurons
2) muscles
3) glands
87
T OR F: Nerve impulses are ALL-or-None like muscle contractions.
True
88
Does greater intensity of stimulation produce a stronger impulse, or more impulses per second?
more impulses per second
89
the functional connection between the axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another neuron or the membrane of another cell
synapse
90
Is there a direct connection between the axon and dendrite of neurons that is why it is called functional?
no
91
_____________ cross this synapse to relay messages from a neuron to another structure.
Neurotransmittors
92
How does a nerve impulse conduct from neuron to neuron?
1) Impulse travels through neuron to its end (synaptic knob)
2) Vesicles release neurotransmitter
3) Neurotransmitter crosses synapse and bind to receptors on next cell.
93
chemicals within vesicles of the synaptic knob of a neuron that are secreted across a synapse to relay an impulse (message) from a neuron to whatever structure the neuron is forming a junction with
neurotrasmitters
94
Neurotransmitters that increase nerve impulses are called
excitatory
95
Neurotransmitters that decrease nerve impulses are called
inhibitory
96
__________________ are specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses.
Neurons
97
The nucleus is located in the __________ of the neuron.
cell body
98
_______________ transmit nerve impulses from other cells or sensory systems.
Dendrites
99
____________ provide for the transmission of nerve impulses away from the cell body.
Axon
100
A single neuron cell can be over a meter long due to the length of its _________.
axon
101
_______________ are the supporting cells associated with axons.
Schwann cells
102
Schwann cells form a/an _________________- around many vertebrate neurons.
myelin sheath
103
_______________ interrupt the myelin sheath where the axon is in direct contact with surround intercellular fluid.
Nodes of Ranvier
104
The junction between a neuron and a muscle is called a/an___________________.
neuromucsular junction
105
The junction between a neuron and a muscle is called a neuromuscular junction. _________ is the neurotransmitter.
Ach (acetylcholine)
106
At a neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine released from a(an) ____________ depolarizes the muscle cell membrane and triggers muscle contractions.
axon
107
controls balance, controls voluntary movements
cerebellum
108
What is the function of the cerebellum?
controls balance, controls voluntary movements
109
controls involuntary activities like heart rate, breathing, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
medulla oblongata
110
directs sensory impulses to correct part of brain that will solve the problem
thalamus
111
links nervous system with endocrine system
hypothalamus
112
connects the two cerebral hemispheres and lets them communicate with each other
corpus callosum
113
allows cerebrum and cerebellum to communicate with each other
pons
114
sends impulses to and from the brain
spinal cord
115
performs higher mental functions (thinking, judgement, etc); secretes hormones directly into bloodstream
cerebrum
116
endocrine gland that secretes 9 different hormones
pituitary gland
117
The _______________ lobes control some body movements, reasoning, judgement and emotions.
frontal
118
The sense of vision is located in the _____________ lobe.
occipital
119
The sense of hearing is interpreted in the ___________ lobes.
temporal
120
the ____________ lobes interpret sensations such as pain, pressure, touch, hot, and cold.
parietal
121
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Nerve impulse sent from brain toward a skeletal muscle by the way of a motor neuron
1
122
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Muscle impulse is no longer created
13
123
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Calcium ions retreat back to terminal cisternae and tropomyosin convers actin binding sites. Myosin cross-bridges cannot connect to actin so the muscle relaxes.
14
124
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Nerve impulse reaches synaptic knob and calcium ions enter through voltage gated channels.
2
125
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Synaptic vesicles triggered to release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach)
3
126
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Ach crosses synaptic cleft and binds to receptors protein on the motor end plate of muscle fiber.
4
127
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Power stroke, this happens man times in order for a muscle fiber to fully contract. ATP attaches to myosin cross-bridge head an then releases from actin.
11
128
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Muscle impulse created.
5
129
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Calcium ions bind to troponin.
8
130
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Myosin cross-bridges raise and attach to actin binding sites.
10
131
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Muscle impulse enters muscle fiber through an opening to the T-tubule and the muscle impulse reaches the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
6
132
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Troponin moves tropomyosin off the actin binding sites.
9
133
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Calcium ions released from terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
7
134
Label the number step of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation: Nerve impulse from brain stops being sent along motor neuron. AchE decomposes Ach from the receptor protein.
12
135
What is the main function of muscle tissue?
The main function of muscle tissue is to contract to produce force for motion.
136
List the 3 different types of muscle tissue
Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth
137
List 3 substances a muscle needs or can use to produce ATP
creatine phosphate
glycogen/glucose
oxygen
138
List the 3 waste products a muscle produces as a result of muscle contraction and relaxation
heat
carbon dioxide
lactic acid
139
The production of heat that results from the contraction and relaxation of muscles is called
thermogenesis
140
The inability of a muscle to contract is called
muscle fatigue
141
The scientific study of muscles is called
myology
142
The decrease in size or deterioration of muscle tissue due to disease or non-use is called
muscle atrophy
143
Muscle cells are more often called
muscle fibers
144
The term ___________ is defined as the shortening of a muscle fiber to produce force for movement.
muscle contraction
145
Smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue are not under your conscious control and therefore are referred to as ________________ muscles
involuntary
146
Fast oxidative skeletal muscle fibers are also called
Type II A
147
One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it forms connections with is called a
motor unit
148
The replacement of skeletal muscle fibers by connective tissue due to damage, disease, or non-use. (also called scar tissue)
fibrosis
149
The specific neurotransmitter that is released from a motor neuron to signal a skeletal muscle to contract is:
acetylcholine
150
The muscle (s) that resists the prime mover is called the
antagonist
151
T or F: Skeletal muscle tissue is vascular
True
152
T or F: Smooth muscle tissue striated
False
153
T or F: When you begin to use a muscle the blood vessels in that muscle will dilate
True
154
T or F: Smooth muscle tissue cells shape are said to be spindle-shaped
True
155
T or F: Skeletal muscle tissue cells are multinucleated
True
156
T or F: Cardiac muscle tissue is mostly found lining hollow organs like the stomach and blood vessels
False
157
T or F: Skeletal muscle fibers can store small amounts of ATP inside them
True
158
T or F: An interruption in blood supply to a muscle may cause the muscle to fatigue
True
159
T or F: Slow oxidative muscle fibers are the largest in diameter of the different types of skeletal muscle fibers
False
160
T or F: Slow twitch skeletal muscle fibers can be changed to fast twitch skeletal muscle fibers through proper training and workouts.
False
161
T or F: Fast oxidative skeletal muscle fibers contain the most myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries
False
162
T or F: Fast oxidative skeletal muscle fibers are classified as "red" muscle fibers
True
163
T or F: Slow oxidative muscle fibers produce most of their ATP aerobically
True
164
T or F: Fast glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers are highly fatigable.
True
165
Concerning Action Potential: When is the neuron polaried?
at rest
inside is really negative and outside really positive
166
Concerning Action Potential: Where is neuron depolarized?
action
Na+ rushed inside
167
Concerning Action Potential: When is it repolarized?
K+ leaves the inside of neurons to move outside
168
functions of acetylcholine (Ach)
controls skeletal muscle actions
stimulates skeletal muscle contraction t neuromuscular junctions
may excite nervous system actions depending on receptors
169
functions of dopamine
creates a sense of feeling good
may excite or inhibit depending on receptors
170
functions of serotonin
primarily inhibitory; leads to sleepiness, even wound healing
171
functions of nitric oxide
vasodilation
may play a role in memory
172
what are the natural pain killers?
endorphins and enkephalins
173
function of endorphins and enkephalins
excitatory; pain perception
generally inhibitory; reduce pain by inhibiting substance P release
relieve pain, enhance mood, reduce stress
pain modulation
174
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