ANATOMY SPRING FINAL EXAM (this does not include endocrine info) Flashcards
(457 cards)
1
Q
Know the order of the levels of organization of the human body smallest to largest:
A
atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, CELLS, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
2
Q
What is the smallest structure in the human body?
A
atom
3
Q
What is the largest structure in the human body?
A
organism (the whole organism)
4
Q
the study of the structures and functions of the human body
A
human anatomy and physiology
5
Q
small structures within a cell that carry out specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis
A
organelles
6
Q
the basic unit of structure and function of the human body
A
cell
7
Q
groups of cells similar in structure and function
A
tissues
8
Q
a structure composed of two or more types of tissues that has a specialized functions
A
organ
9
Q
the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the body at a given point in time
A
metabolism
10
Q
having a stable internal environment
A
homeostasis
11
Q
aims to maintain stability by countering a change
A
negative feedback mechanism
12
Q
amplifies change, often leading to instability
A
positive feedback mechanism
13
Q
an internal fluid between cells that contains water, nutrients, and oxygen
A
extracellular fluid (intercellular fluid)
14
Q
a structure that causes a response which alters conditions in the internal environment
A
effector
15
Q
open spaces in the human body
A
body cavity
16
Q
Body cavities usually contain _____________.
A
organs
17
Q
2 main body cavities
A
dorsal
ventral
18
Q
2 subdivisions of Dorsal cavity
A
cranial
vertebral
19
Q
where is the cranial cavity found
A
within the skull
20
Q
where is the vertebral cavity found
A
spinal canal
21
Q
what organs are in the cranial cavity?
A
brain, pituitary gland, hypothalamus
22
Q
what organs are in the vertebral cavity?
A
spinal cord
23
Q
how many structures are in the vertebral cavity?
A
1
24
Q
how many structures are in the cranial cavity?
A
3
25
what are the 3 subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
thoracic
abdominal
pelvic
26
how many structures are in the thoracic cavity?
7
27
what are the seven structures in the thoracic cavity?
bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, alveoli, lungs, esophagus, heart
28
how many structures are in the abdominal cavity?
10
29
what are the ten structures in the abdominal cavity?
liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, adrenal gland, large and small intestines, pancreas, kidneys, ureters
30
How many structures are in the pelvic cavity?
4
31
what are the four structures in the pelvic cavity?
urinary bladder, rectum, testes, ovaries
32
study of the factors determine the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions in a defined human population
epidemiology
33
Branch of medical science dealing with the heart and heart diseases
cardiology
34
study of the structure, function, and abnormalities of the cells
cytology
35
study of the skin and its diseases
dermatology
36
study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and their diseases
endocrinology
37
study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases
gastroenterology
38
branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems
geriatrics
39
study of the aging process
gerontology
40
study of the female reproductive system and its diseases
gynecology
41
study of the blood and blood diseases
hematology
42
study of the structure and function of tissues
histology
43
study of the body’s resistance to infectious disease
immunology
44
study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders
neonatology
45
study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys
nephrology
46
branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbrith
obstetrics
47
study of cancers
oncology
48
study of the eye and eye diseases
ophthamology
49
branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems
orthopedics
50
study of the ear, throat, and larynx, and their diseases
otolaryngology
51
study of structural and functional changes that disease causes
pathology
52
branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases
pediatrics
53
study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of disease
pharmacology
54
study of the care and treatment of feet
podiatry
55
branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders
psychiatry
56
study of X rays and radioactive substances and their uses in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
radiology
57
study of poisonous substances and their upon body parts
toxicology
58
branch of medicine dealing with the urinary system, apart from the kidneys and the male reproductive system, and their diseases
urology
59
a body part is above another part
superior
60
a body part is below another body part
inferior
61
means toward the front
anterior
62
means toward the back
posterior
63
refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves
medial
64
means toward the side, away from the midline
lateral
65
refers to paired structures, one of which is on each side of midline
bilateral
66
refers to structures on the same side
ipsilateral
67
refers to structures on the opposite side
contralateral
68
describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is
proximal
69
opposite of proximal, it means that a particular body part is farther from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is
distal
70
means situated near the surface
superficial
71
describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts
deep
72
the region between the thorax and pelvis
abdominal
73
the point of the shoulder
acromial
74
the forearm
antebrachial
75
the space in front of the elbow
antecubital
76
the arm
brachial
77
the armpit
axillary
78
the cheek
buccal
79
the heel
calcaneal
80
the abdomen
calieac
80
the wrist
carpal
81
the head
caphalic
82
the neck
cervical
83
the ribs
costal
84
the hip
coxal
85
the leg
crural
86
the elbow
cubital
87
the finger or toe
digital
88
the back
dorsal
89
the thigh
femoral
90
the forehead
frontal
91
the external reproductive organs
gential
92
the buttocks
gluteal
93
the groin - the depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh
inguinal
94
the loin - the region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis
lumbar
95
the chin
mental
96
the breast
mammary
97
the nose
nasal
98
the lower posterior region of the head
occipital
99
the mouth
oral
100
the bony socket of the eye
orbital
101
the palm of the hand
palmar
102
the front of the knee
patellar
103
the anterior chest
pectoral
104
the foot
pedal
105
the pelvis
pelvic
106
the perineum - the inferior - most region of the trunk between the buttocks and the thighs
perineal
107
the sole of the foot
plantar
108
the area behind the knee
popliteal
109
the posterior region between the hip bones
sacral
110
the middle of the thorax, anteriorly
sternal
111
the calf of the leg
sural
112
the ankle
tarsal
113
the navel
umbilical
114
the spinal column
vertebral
115
upper middle portion
epigastric region
116
lie on each side of the epigastric region
right and left hypochondriac regions
117
middle portion
umbilical region
118
lie on each side of the umbilical region
right and left lateral (lumbar) regions
119
lower middle portion
pubic (hypogastric) region
120
lie on each side of the pubic region
right and left inguinal (iliac) regions
121
top 11 elements in the human body
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorous
potassium
sulfur
sodium
chlorine
magensium
122
Trace elements in the human body
chromium,
cobalt,
copper,
fluorine,
iodine,
iron,
manganese,
zinc
123
substances that DO NOT contain both carbon and hydrogen
inorganic substances
124
Inorganic substances dissolve in water or react with water to release _________ (_________________).
ions/electrolytes
125
Types of inorganic substances in cells include
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts
126
chemical symbol for Water
H2O
127
chemical symbol for oxygen
O2
128
chemical symbol for carbon dioxide
CO2
129
most abundant compound in living material
water
130
water is the major component of __________ and other body tissues and fluids.
blood
131
transported throughout the body by the blood (red blood cells --- erythrocytes)
oxygen
132
____________ carry oxygenated blood away from heart.
arteries
133
oxygen is used in cellular respiration to produce ______
ATP
134
waste products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
135
carbon dioxide is brought to lungs by ________.
veins
136
where are salts abundant in the human body?
tissues and fluids
137
provide many necessary ions for the body (Ca^2+, K+, NA+, etc...)
salts
138
contains both carbon and hydrogen
organic substance
139
examples of organic substances
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
140
true or false: organic substances are necessary for life
true
141
organic substances that contain C, H, O, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
carbohydrates
142
function of carbohydates
primary source of ATP
143
carbohydrates are often called ____________
sugars
144
examples of carbohydrates
glucose, lactose, sucrose, fructose
145
sugars with 6-carbon atoms are known as simple sugars also called
monosaccharides
146
double sugars
disaccharides
147
many sugars linked together
polysaccharides
148
dissacharides examples
sucrose and lactose
149
polysaccarides examples
plant starch, glycogen
150
organic substances that contain C, H, O, but usually not in a 1:2:1 ratio
lipid
151
lipids may also contain
phosphorous
152
main function of lipids
provide cell structure ---- plasma membrane
153
secondary function of lipids
source for ATP production
154
true or false: lipids are soluble in water
false, insoluble
155
examples of lipids include
fats, phospholipids, steroids
156
organic substances composed of C, H, O, N
proteins
157
proteins may also contain
sulfur
158
functions of proteins
sere as a structural material of muscles, bones, skin, can also be an energy source
159
building blocks of proteins are
amino acids (20)
160
examples of proteins
keratin, collagen, fibrin, hemoglobin, enzymes, antibodies
161
proteins have a unique ___________
conformation (size, sequence, and shape)
162
what gives the protein its function/role?
the protein's conformation and sequence of amino acids
163
organic substances composed of C, H, O, N, P, that are large and complex and function in protein synthesis and it contain your genetic information (DNA and RNA)
nucleic acids
164
building blocks of nucleic acids are
nucleotides
165
nucleotides contain:
5-carbon-sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
166
DNA ----
deoxyribose and double helix
167
RNA ----
ribose and single stranded
168
a group of similar cells that have a common function
tissue
169
4 different types of tissues that compose the body
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
170
functions of epithelial tissue
protection, diffusion, filtration, absorption, secretion
171
true or false: epithelial tissue is made up of mostly cells and very little extracellular fluid (matrix) between cells
true
172
what tissue contains the most cells junctions
epithelial tissue
173
true or false: epithelial tissue has the slowest cell mitotic/replication rate
false, the fastest
174
is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?
avascular
175
epithelial tissue has a ____________ supply
nerve
176
in epithelial tissue, cell shapes can be varied, what are the 3 different shapes?
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
177
thin flat cells
squamous
178
cells that are as tall as wide
cuboidal
179
cells that are taller than they are wide
columnar
180
true or false: epithelial tissues can be arranged only multiple layers.
false, they can be arranged in a single layer of multiple layers
181
single layer of cells is called
simple
182
multiple layer of cells is called
stratified
183
examples of simple/stratified epithelial tissues:
simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium
184
Epithelial tissue is usually referred to as _____________ because it lines the inside and outside of all structure sin the body.
lining tissue
185
the shapes of the epithelial cells and the layering of epithelial cells usually tell the ___________ of epithelial tissue.
function(s)
186
functions of simple squamous epithelial tissue
diffusion, filtration
187
functions of simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelialc ells
absorption, storage, secretion
188
functions of connective tissue
protection, gives body structure, hemopoiesis, energy storage, mineral storage, body temperature homeostasis, binds organs together, carries oxygen, immune system, blood clotting
189
true or false: connective tissue has a greater number of cells and less matrix between cells.
False, Fewer cells (cells are more spread out) and more matrix between cells
190
true or false: connective tissue has the fewest cell junctions, because cells are more spread out
true
191
connective tissue has a slower ______________ that epithelial but the cells do replicate
mitotic rate
192
some connective tissues are ___________, but some are ___________.
vascular, avascular
193
Most connective tissues have a __________, but some do not.
nerve supply
194
Examples of connective tissue:
bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose, blood
195
Shapes of the cells in this tissue vary depending on specific type of tissue
connective tissue
196
Most abundant tissue in the human body
connective
197
functions of muscle tissue:
to contract to produce force for motion. thermogenesis, used to maintain posture
198
many cells close together with little matrix between cells
muscle tissue
199
Muscle tissue has the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th most cells junctions of the 4 tissues?
2nd
200
_______________ replicate only during the first couple years.
muscle cells/fibers
201
most vascular tissue in the body
muscle tissue
202
Muscle fibers have a nerve supply. True or False
True
203
Type of muscle fibers
skeletal, cardiac, smooth (visceral)
204
The shapes of the muscle cells are different depending on what type of muscle it is. True or False
True
205
functions of nervous tissue
to create and send nerve impulses throughout the body, also to support nerve tissue itself
206
any neuroglia cells and fewer neurons with little matrix between
nervous tissue
207
Nervous tissue T or F: few cell junction, less than connective
false, few cell junction, more than connective though
208
slow to no mitotic rate
neurons
209
can neuroglia perform mitosis?
yes
210
T or F: nervous tissue is avascular
false, vascular
211
T or F: nervous tissue has a nerve supply
yes :)
212
types of nerve cells within nerve tissue:
neurons
neuroglia: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, Schwann cells, and satellite cells
213
a system of organs that have many structures
integumentary system
214
structures in the integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous and sebaceous glands, blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicle, and arrector pili muscle
215
__________- is the major portion of the integumentary system
skin
216
the skin is in how many main layers
2
217
what are the 2 main layers of the skin
epidermis and dermis
218
what is the 3rd layer of the skin called
hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
219
the skin contains some of all four types of tissues in the body, but the majority is which two types?
connective and epithelial
220
is skin considered an organ?
yes
221
Skin is sometimes referred to as ________________.
cutaneous membrane
222
what is the body's largest organ?
skin
223
physiology of the integumentary system
body temperature homeostasis
prevents/slows water loss
protection --- in what ways does our skin protect us
helps produce vitamin D wen exposed to UV radiation
houses sensory receptors (nerves)
secretes waste
immunity --- keratinocytes, Langerhans cell
224
the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders.
dermatology
225
a medical procedure where a sample of tissue, cells, or fluid is removed from the body for examination under a microscope to diagnose or monitor a disease
biopsy
226
a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, nails, etc
keratin
227
a natural pigment that gives color to skin, hair, eyes; tan
melanin
228
a small, tubular structure in the skin that produces and secretes sweat
sudoriferous gland
229
microscopic glands found in your hair follicles that secrete sebum
sebaceous gland
230
an oily, waxy substance produced by the sebaceous glands in the skin
sebum
231
3 layers of skin
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis/subcutaneous layer
232
Epidermis is composed mostly of ___________ tissue but contains other tissues as well.
epithelial
233
most cells are squamous and epidermis is _____________
stratified
234
epidermis is the ___________ layers of skin
superficial
235
superficial cells in epidermis -----
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
236
is the epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
237
epidermis has nerve endings sensitive to _____________.
pressure/touch
238
Cells in the lower layers of the epidermis are living or nonliving?
living
239
why are cells in the lower layers of the epidermis living?
because those cells receive more nutrients from blood diffusing from dermis to lower epidermis.
240
Functions of the epidermis include:
prevents excess water loss of the lower layers of skin
keep out pathogens and allergens
protection from physical harm (stratified characteristic)
produces melanin to protect from UV radiation (melanocytes)
touch sensations
241
Dermis is composed mostly of ___________ tissue, but contains all 4 types of tissues.
connective
242
thickest layer of the skin
dermis
243
how thick approximately is the dermis?
2-6 mm
244
is dermis vascular or avascular?
vascular
245
dermis is connected to epidermis by the ____________
basement membrane
246
dermis have nerve endings sensitive to _________, ________, and __________________.
heat, pain, pressure/touch
247
Dermis has ____________ and ________ glands, ___________, and ____________, blood vessels, and some _______ tissue.
sudoriferous and sebaceous
hair follicles
arrector pili muscles
adipose
248
hypodermis is composed mostly of _______ tissue (mostly ________), some nervous tissue and blood vessels
connective, adipose
249
is hypodermis vascular or avascular
vascular
250
hypodermis has nerve endings sensitive to _______ and ____________.
cold, pressure
251
functions of hypodermis include
insulation
energy storage
protection
252
the skeletal system is composed of ________, _________, ________, _________, and ____________.
bone, bone marrow, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
253
bone tissue is often called
ossecous tissue
254
functions of bone include
support and protection for the body and body organs
gives the body a framework
mineral homeostasis (calcium and phosphorus)
blood cell production (red bone marrow) ---- hematopoiesis
energy storage (yellow bone marrow)
255
bones are classified by their ________
shapes
256
examples of long bones
femur, humerus, radius, metacarpals, phalanxes
257
examples of short bones
carpals and tarsals
258
examples of flat bones
bones of cranium, scapulae, sternum, hips, ribs
259
examples of irregular bones
vertebrae, facial bones
260
examples of sesamoid bones
patella
261
examples of wormian bones (sutural bones)
bones between or within the sutures
262
bone is considered what type of tissue
connective tissue
263
is bone vascular or avasular
vascular
264
T or F: bone contains more cells compared to matrix
false, fewer
265
bone has a nerve supply TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
266
______________ within bone I've strength along with the minerals _____________ and ___________.
collagen fibers, calcium, phosphorus
267
bone formation
ossification
268
the hardening of bone
calcification (mineralization)
269
blood cell formation
hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
270
the constant breaking down of bone and rebuilding of new bone in its place
remodeling
271
hole or opening in a bone through which nerves and blood vessels enter and exit a bone
foramen
272
a bone disorder in which bone density decreases
osteoporosis
273
any break in a bone
fracture
274
an area of cartilage in the metaphysis of a long bones that turns to bone and allows bones to lenthen
growth plate (epiphyseal plate)
275
four types of cells found in bone
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
276
unspecialized cells (undifferentiated); can undergo mitosis
osteoprogenitor cells
277
bone cells that build new bone tissue, functions in growth, remodeling, and repair of bone
osteoblasts
278
referred to as mature bone cells
maintains bone tissue (exchanges nutrients with blood)
osteocytes
279
bone cells that breaks down bone (reabsorption of bone)
functions in remodeling and repair of bone
osteoclasts
280
growth in length of bones stops about what age
18-25
281
what age does growth in diameter of bones stop?
may continue throughout your life
282
factors that influence growth include:
nutrition (calcium and vitamin D)
hormone secretions
physical exercise
283
________________ is the only mechanism for bones to lengthen
epiphyseal plate
284
growth in diameter of bones is controlled by the __________
periosteum
285
Hormones that control growth throughout your life:
hGH (human growth hormone)
estrogen and testosterone
thyroid hormones and parathyroid hormones
286
bone stores more than 99% of all _____________ in the body.
calcium
287
too much calcium in the blood can ___________ and too little can cause __________________.
stop the heart, breathing to stop
288
Blood calcium too high ------ ___________- ----- ___________ ----- _______________
thyroid gland, calcitonin, osteoblasts
289
Blood calcium too low ------- _____________- ------ __________ ------ ________________
parathyroid gland, PTH, osteoclasts
290
Calcium's functions in the body
strengthen bones
muscle contraction
nerve impulses
blood clotting
serve as co-enzymes
291
___________ are too rigid to bend without being damaged so joints are needed for our bodies to move.
bones
292
the scientific term for joint is
articulation
293
some _________ do not allow movement
joints (sutures)
294
where two or more bones come together, usually allowing movement
articulations (joints)
295
based on anatomical characteristics (what is joint made of?)
structural
296
classification based on the presence or absence of ________________________________________________
structural
297
classifications of joints
structural
functional
298
classification based on type of movement they permit
functional
299
structural joints (joint composition):
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
300
no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue ----- (sutures)
fibrous
301
no synovial cavity and bones held by cartilage (intervertebral joints)
cartilaginous
302
synovial cavity present and bones forming the joint are united by a surrounding articular capsule and frequently by accessory ligaments ------ (knee, elbow)
synovial
303
functional classification (joint function/ability to move):
synarthrosis joints
amphiarthrosis joints
diarthrosis joints
304
no movement by joints
synarthrosis joints
305
slightly movable joints
amphiarthrosis joints
306
freely movable joints
diarthrosis joints
307
bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together
flexion
308
example of flexion
bending the knee
309
moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart
extension
310
example of extension
straightening the knee
311
movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin
dorsiflexion
312
dorsiflexion example
rocking back on one's heels
313
movement at the ankle that moves the foot farther from the shin
plantar flexion
314
example of plantar flexion
walking or standing on one's toes
315
a term sometimes used to describe the extension of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position; often used to describe an abnormal extension beyond the normal range of motion, resulting in injury
hyperextension
316
example of hyperextension
bending the head back beyond the upright position
317
moving a part away from the midline or away from the axial line of the lib.
abduction
318
example of abduction
spreading the fingers or toes
319
moving a part toward the midline or toward the axial line of the limb
adduction
320
example of adduction
moving the fingers and toes closer together
321
moving a part around an axis
rotation
322
example of rotation
twisting the head from side to side
323
moving a part so that its end follows a circular path
circumduction
324
circumduction example
moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand
325
rotation of the forearm so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly
pronation
326
refers to the body lying face down
pronation
327
rotation of the forearm so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
supination
328
refers to the body lying face up
supine/supination
329
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally
eversion
330
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
inversion
331
moving a part backward
retraction
332
retraction example
pulling the head backward
333
moving a part forward
protraction
334
protraction example
thrusting the head forward
335
raising a part
elevation
336
elevation example
shrugging the shoulders
337
lowering a part
depression
338
depression example
drooping the shoulders
339
movement of joint in one plane
monaxial
340
movement of joint in two planes
biaxial
341
movement of joint in three planes
triaxial
342
What are the 6 types of diarthroses joints?
gliding/plane
hinge joint
pivot joint
condyloid joint
saddle joint
ball-and-socket joint
343
articulating surfaces of bones are usually flat
gliding/plane joint
344
movement is side to side and back and forth motion
gliding/plane joint
345
examples of gliding/plant joint
intercarpal and interarsal joints – b/w tarsals and carpals
sternocostal joints — b/w ribs and vertebra
sacroiliac joint - b/w sacrum and ilium of hip
346
convex curve of one bone fits the concave curve of the other
hinge joint
347
movement is primarily in a single plane – flexion, extension, hyperextension
hinge joint
348
examples of hinge joints
knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
349
a rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulate within a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament
pivot joint (trochoid)
350
primary movement is rotation
pivot joint
351
pivot joint 2 examples
between atlas and axis
between head of radius and ulna
352
oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone
condyloid joint (ellipsoidal joint)
353
movement is side to side and back and forth - flexions, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
condyloid joint
354
condyloid joint examples
radiocarpal joint - between radius and scaphoid
metacarpophalangeal joints - b/w metacarpals and proximal phalanx
355
one bone saddle-shaped and the other fits over like legs o a person over saddle
saddle joint
356
movements are side to side and back and forth
saddle joint
357
example of saddle joints (3)
b/w trapezium and 1st metacarpal
sternoclavicular joint - b/w sternum and clavicle
calcaneocuboid joint - b/w calcaneus and cuboid
358
ball-like and cuplike bones fit together
ball-and-socket joint (spheroid)
359
movements are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and curcumduction
ball-and-socket joint
360
examples of ball and socket joints (2)
shoulder
hip joint
361
functions of muscle tissue
to contract to produce force for motion
thermogenesis
stabilize body position
regulate organ volume
362
True or False: there are over 850 skeletal muscles in the human body
False; 650
363
True or False: Muscles constitute approximately 45-55% of your total body weight
false; 40-50%
364
True or False: Muscle is composed of all 4 tissues; muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, epithelial tissue
true
365
True or False: Muscle tissue is the most AVASCULAR tissue in the body
False; vascular
366
True or False: ADP is necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation
False; ATP
367
True or False: Muscle cells are more often called Muscle fibers
true
368
True or False: blood vessels CONTRACT when you begin to exercise INCREASING blood flow
false; dilate; true; increasing
369
Materials needed for muscles to make ATP
oxygen
glucose or glycogen
creatine phosphate (phosphate) (ADP --> ATP)
370
waste products produced as a result of muscle contraction
heat
carbon dioxide
lactic acid
371
the production of heat
thermogenesis
372
muscles under your conscious control
voluntary muscles
373
muscles not under your conscious control
involuntary muscles
374
the shortening of a muscle fiber to produce force for motion
muscle contraction
375
the replacement of skeletal muscle fibers by connective tissue due to damage, disease, or non-use (also called scar tissue)
fibrosis
376
the decrease in size or deterioration of muscle tissue due to disease or non-use
muscle atrophy
377
the increase in size of muscle tissue due to strenuous activity (weightlifting)
muscle hypertrophy
378
three types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
379
where are SKELETAL muscle tissue located?
muscles attached to bone
380
SKELETAL cell shape
elongated; cylindrical cells
381
are SKELETAL muscles striated or non-striated?
striated
382
are SKELETAL muscles voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
383
are SKELETAL muscles single nucleated or multi-nucleated?
multinucleated; nuclei found on periphery
384
where are CARDIAC muscles located
muscle in the heart
385
cell shape of CARDIAC muscles
branching cells
386
are CARDIAC muscles striated or non-striated?
striated
387
are CARDIAC muscles voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary; (SA node and AV node in the heart controls heartbeat)
388
do CARDIAC muscles have a single nucleus or are they multinucleated?
single nucleus
389
SKELETAL, CARDIAC, or SMOOTH: non-striated
smooth
390
SKELETAL, CARDIAC, or SMOOTH: autorhythmiticity (built in pacemaker)
cardiac
391
SKELETAL, CARDIAC, or SMOOTH: multinucleated
SKELETAL
392
SKELETAL, CARDIAC, or SMOOTH: involuntary
CARDIAC, SMOOTH
393
SKELETAL, CARDIAC, or SMOOTH: spindle shaped cells
SMOOTH
394
where are SMOOTH muscles located?
in the walls of hollow internal structures: blood vessels, stomach, intestines
395
SKELETAL, CARDIAC, or SMOOTH: single centrally located nucleus
SMOOTH
396
how many chambers does the human heart have?
4
397
top 2 chambers of the human heart?
right atrium, left atrium
398
bottom 2 chambers of the human heart?
right ventricle, left ventricle
399
heart has how many main valves that control the flow of blood?
4
400
what are the 4 main valves of the heart that control the flow of blood
tricuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
aortic semilunar valve
401
the heart is separated into right and left halves by a wall called the
septum
402
Right side of heart contains _______________ blood.
deoxygenated
403
Left side of heart contains _______________ blood.
oxygenated
404
______________ keep good oxygenated blood and bad deoxygenated blood from mixing.
septum
405
Blood vessels (Veins and Arteries) carry blood ___________ the heart and ___________ the heart.
toward, away from
406
All _________ carry blood toward the heart.
veins
407
All ___________ carry blood away from the heart.
arteries
408
Blood in atria will be pumped to __________ and blood in ___________ will be pumped outside the heart (either to the lungs or your body cells).
ventricles, ventricles
409
blood vessels that usually carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
arteries
410
one exception of arteries that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart is the _____________________.
pulmonary artery
411
What does the pulmonary artery do?
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from heart to lungs, but still away from the heart.
412
_________________ are the smallest arteries in the body and the only artery in which substances can diffuse into and out of them. (substances like oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide)
Capillaries
413
Arteries from largest to smallest:
aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries
414
Arteries are usually colored _____ on diagrams to show it has ______________ in them.
red; oxygenated blood
415
blood vessels that usually carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart
veins
416
once exception of veins that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart is the
pulmonary vein
417
What does the pulmonary vein do?
The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart, but still towards the heart.
418
Veins from largest to smallest:
Vena cavas, veins, venules
419
Veins are usually colored _________ on diagrams to show it has _______________ blood in them
blue; deoxygenated
420
_____________ connect with venules because they are similar in size.
capillaries
421
_____________ start carrying blood back to heart.
venules
422
The heart is composed of __________ muscle tissue.
cardiac
423
The heart beats approximately ___________ times at rest.
60-80
424
Cardiac muscle tissue contains ________________ that allow muscle fibers in the heart to contract all at once time.
intercalated discs
425
_______________ contracts together while ventricles relax and vice versa.
atria
426
__________ told to contract by the sino-atrial node (SA node) ---- natural human pacemaker
atria
427
___________ told to contract by the atrioventricular node (AV node)
ventricles
428
heart is separated into a right and left side by the ________.
septum
429
Blood flows in how many directions in the heart and body?
only one
430
_______________ carry blood to the heart itself to nourish the heart muscles.
coronary arteries
431
______________ in the neck carry blood from heart to brain head (best place to take pulse)
carotid arteries
432
______________ is the artery in the wrist where some take their pulse.
radial artery
433
so not try to take pulse using your _________ because it has its own pulse
thumb
434
________________ ----- heart attack
myocardial infarction
435
there are bout ___________ miles of blood vessels in the human body.
62,000
436
weakening of a wall of an artery
aneurysm
437
a disease in which fatty deposits (cholesterol) form in the walls of an artery. These deposits are commonly called plaque.
atherosclerosis
438
Contraction of human heart creates enough pressure to squirt blood how far?
30 feet
439
another term for high blood pressure
hypertension
440
your pulse is your ____________
heart contraction rate
441
Feel pulses for 10 seconds and then multiply by _____.
six
442
right atrium
deoxygenated blood
443
tricuspid valve
deoxygenated blood
444
right ventricle
deoxygenated blood
445
pulmonary semilunar valve
deoxygenated blood
446
pulmonary artery
deoxygenated blood
447
lungs
blood picks up oxygen
448
pulmonary vein
oxygenated blood
449
left atrium
oxygenated blood
450
bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
oxygenated blood
451
left ventricle
oxygenated blood
452
aortic semilunar valve
oxygenated blood
453
aorta
oxygenated blood
454
organs
body cells
455
inferior and superior vena cava
deoxygenated blood
456
u have made it through anatomy!
finally :)
