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Anatomy Honors > First Semester Biology Final > Flashcards

First Semester Biology Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

How would you be able to recognize a prokaryotic cell under a microscope?

A

There is no nuclei or membrane-bound organelles in a prokaryotic cell.

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3
Q

What cells enclose their DNA in a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Contains and stores DNA

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5
Q

What is the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm surround and suspends the nucleus.

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6
Q

What organelles breaks down other organelles and other cells?

A

Lysosomes

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7
Q

What plant organelle stores salt and water?

A

Vacuole

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8
Q

What structure makes proteins and where are these made?

A

Ribosomes make protein. They are made in the nucleus.

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9
Q

What organelle modifies and sorts and packages protein?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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10
Q

What organelle converts chemical energy in food to compounds that the cell can use to make energy?

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

Which two organelles are involved in energy conversion?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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12
Q

How is the cell wall different from the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane is flexible while the cell wall is rigid.

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13
Q

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

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14
Q

Where are protein synthesizers made and where are most of them located?

A

Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus. Most of the are located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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15
Q

What is the largest structure in a plant cell?

A

Vacuole

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16
Q

The movement of materials across the cell membrane WITHOUT using cellular energy

A

passive transport

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17
Q

the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of high concentration of that substance to areas of low concentration

A

diffusion

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18
Q

molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels (carrier molecules).

A

facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration

A

osmosis

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20
Q

the concentration of solute molecules is the same inside the cell and in the solution

A

isotonic solution

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21
Q

the solution has a higher solute concentration than solute concentration inside the cell

A

hypertonic solution

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22
Q

the solution has a lower solute concentration than solute concentration inside the cell

A

hypotonic solution

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23
Q

the movement of molecules against a concentration difference from an area of low to high concentration. REQUIRES ENERGY

A

active transport

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24
Q

a vesicle forms that large molecules, clumps of food, or complete cells can be surrounded by, and then forms a vacuole to pull the item into the cell (Bulk Transport)

A

Endocytosis

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25
the forcing out of substances from the cell membrane using vacuoles and vesicles
Exocytosis
26
large solids are taken into the cell
Phagocytosis
27
large liquids are taken into the cell
Pinocytosis
28
group of similar cells that perform a similar function
tissue
29
group of tissues that work together
organ
30
group of organs that work together to complete the system
organ system
31
to respond, a cell must have ________ that the signal binds to.
receptor
32
what must be true for diffusion to occur?
1. Equilibrium must be reached 2. Permeability - molecules can pass through
33
what term do you use to describe no change in solution concentration level in the cell or solution?
isotonic
34
the compound used by cells to store and release energy in order for the cell to do mechanical functions
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
35
What does ATP consist of?
1. an adenine 2. a 5 carbon sugar called ribose 3. 3 phosphate groups
36
light absorbing molecules
photosynthetic pigments
37
photosynthetic organelles
chloroplasts
38
chlorophyll pigments are located where
the thylakoid membranes
39
how do electrons become energized
chlorophyll absorbs light energy
40
a compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them, along with most of their energy, to another molecule
electron carrier - (NADP+)
41
uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide (reactants) into high-energy 6 carbon sugars and oxygen (products).
photosynthesis
42
Photosynthesis Balanced Equation:
6CO2+6H2O using the energy from sunlight in the presence of chlorophyll -----> C6H12O6+6O2
43
first set of reactions, takes place in the thylakoid membranes
light dependent reactions
44
uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP & NADPH.
Light Dependent Reaction
45
movement of the H+ ion across the membrane causes the ATP synthase to spin and bind a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.
Chemiosmosis
46
ATP and NADPH from LDR is used to create high-energy sugars in the stroma of the chloroplast. Known as the Calvin Cycle.
Light Independent Reactions
47
Where do organisms get the energy the need?
from food
48
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
49
How do cells prefer to us energy?
Cells prefer to break down bonds gradually and use the stored energy to produce other compounds like ATP.
50
Cellular Respiration Formula:
C6H12O6+6O2----->6CO2+6H2O+ATP (energy)
51
Stages of cellular respiration in order:
1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain
52
pathways that require oxygen (in air)
aerobic pathways
53
glucose is transformed into pyruvic acid
glycolysis
54
What is the ATP net gain from glycolysis?
2 ATP
55
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid, and 2 NADH
56
pyruvic acid is broken down in to carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting steps; oxygen must be present
Krebs Cycle
57
Every time the electrons move, H+ ions move. Thus, ATP is created by ____________.
ATP synthase
58
What is the total amount of ATP created per 1 glucose molecule in cellular respiration?
ATP = 38% total energy in glucose 1. 2 from glycolysis 2. 2 from Krebs Cycle 3. 34 from Electron Transport Chain
59
anaerobic respiration
fermentation
60
_____ is regenerated so glycolysis can continue
NAD+
61
What are the two forms of fermentation?
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation 2. Alcoholic Fermentation
62
The larger a cell become, there's a greater demand on the _____.
DNA
63
As a cell becomes larger, the volume increases _______ than the surface area.
faster
64
If it becomes too large the cell membrane can't get rid of ______ or bring in enough materials like _____.
waste; food
65
Cell division solves the problem of getting too big because the cell divides into ____ ___________ ______.
two daughter cells
66
The cell copies our _____ so each cell has the exact same amount of original _____.
DNA; DNA
67
the offspring is genetically identical to the single parent; no exchange of DNA information so no genetic diversity
asexual reproduction
68
provides genetic diversity for the continuation of a species
sexual reproduction
69
List the 3 phases of Interphase:
1. G1 Phase - Cell Growth 2. S Phase - DNA Reproduction 3. G2 Phase - Preparing for Cell Division (mitosis)
69
List the 3 phases of Interphase:
1. G1 Phase - Cell Growth 2. S Phase - DNA Reproduction 3. G2 Phase - Preparing for Cell Division (mitosis)
70
Cells increase in Growth, centrioles are duplicated
G1 Phase
71
new DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes replicate
S Phase
72
This is the process of mitosis, chromosomes are now visible
M Phase: Cell Division
73
Mitosis - Phases in order:
1. Prophase - longest phase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase
74
longest phase of mitosis, duplicated strands attach at the center, the centrioles begin to move same or similar chromosomes to opposite poles and the spindle (microtubules) connect between them
prophase
75
the chromatid attach to the middle of the spindle at their centromeres
metaphase
76
the spindle helps the sister chromatids separate the centromere
anaphase
77
the chromosomes unwind and are no longer visible
telophase
78
Cytokinesis: the cytoplasm is pinched in two equal parts
Animal cells
79
Cytokinesis: a cell plate forms in between the rigid cell wall
Plant Cells
80
STUDY THE DIAGRAMS AND DRAW THEM OUT
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Anatomy Honors (49 decks)

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