ANATOMY WINTER FINAL **EVERYTHING** Flashcards by Anna Katherine Wathen

order of levels of organization of the human body

atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms

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5 environmental requirements for an organism

water
food
oxygen
heat
pressure

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_______ is the most important ____________ in ALL living systems

water, chemical

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water is required for…

metabolic processes and provides for the environment

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metabolic processes:

energy is produced

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what does water carry and regulate

carries: substances within an organism
regulates: body temp

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water constitutes:

intracellular and extracellular fluid

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water inside cells

intracellular fluid

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outside of cells, tissue fluid and liquid portion of cells (plasma)

extracellular fluid

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heat is a form of _____

energy

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heat is a product of

metabolic reactions

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more heat…

more rapid chemical reactions

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heat is necessary for ________ to work

organs

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heat is the quickest _______ from the ______

blood supply, heart

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an application of force to something

pressure

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pressure regulates…

breathing
heart action
atmospheric pressure

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pressure liquid exerts due to weight of water above them (blood pressure)

atmospheric pressure

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___________ pressure pushes ____ on our body, ________ pushes ___

atmospheric. down, internal, up

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_______ changes pressure in our bodies

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when heart contracts pressure brings ________ into the cells

blood circulation

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oxygen releases_______ from food sources

energy

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food is brought in and _______ are eliminated with oxygen

waste products

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food provides us with ___________ (chemicals) that we need to do chemical reactions

nutrients

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________ and _________ are exchanged in the environment

carbon dioxide, oxygen

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without __________ cellular respiration cannot be finished

oxygens

oxygen is ______ nitrogen is ______ of air

20%, 79%

open cavities in the human body

body cavity

what are these open spaces filled with?

organs and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty

2 main body cavities

dorsal ventral

2 subdivisions in dorsal

cranial vertebral

what consists in the cranial cavity

cerebrum cerebellum pituitary gland hypothalmus medulla oblongata

what is in the vertebral cavity

spinal cord

ventral 3 subdivisions

thoracic abdominal pelvic

What are in the thoracic cavity

bronchioles thymus gland heart trachea alveoli bronchi lungs esophagus

What are in the abdominal cavity

liver gallbladder stomach spleen pancreas small intestine appendix large intestine kidneys adrenal gland ureters

What are in the pelvic cavity

urinary bladder testes ovaries

internal organs of the body especially in the thoracic and abdominal

viscera

axial

center

appendicular

outside

body part is above another body part

superior

body part is below another body part

inferior

toward the front

towards the back

posterior

an imaginary mid line dividing the body into equal right and left halves

medial

toward the side-away from the mid-line

lateral

paired structures one of each is on each side

bilateral

structures on the same side

ipsilateral

structures on opposite sides

contralateral

body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is

proximal

a particular body part is further away from a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part is

distal

near the surface

superficial

more internal than superficial parts

deep

a plane that divides the body into right and left portions

sagittal

divides the body into superior and inferior

transverse

divides the body into anterior and posterior

frontal

divides the body in a cross section or an angular cut

oblique

seven most abundant elements in body

oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen calcium phosphorous potassium

next four most abundant elements in body

sulfur chlorine sodium magnesium

trace elements

chromium manganese iron copper cobalt zinc iodine flourine

a substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

organic substances

organic substances usually do not ________

dissolve in water

If organic substances do dissolve in water, they do not...

release ions

types of organic substances

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

carbohydrates are in a _______ ratio

1:2:1

carbohydrates contain...

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

organic substance that contains C, H, and O, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio

carbohydrates

carbohydrates are the primary source of

ATP

carbohydrates are often called

sugars

examples of carbohydrates

glucose lactose sucrose fructose

sugar with 6 carbon atoms are known as

simple sugars

simple sugars are also called

monosaccharides

examples of monosaccharides

glucose fructose galactose

Simple sugars combine to form more ________

complex sugars

Complex sugars are either called _________ or _________

disaccharides or polysaccharides

double sugar

disaccharides

many sugars linked together

polysaccharides

examples of disaccharides

sucrose lactose

examples of polysaccharides

plant starch glycogen

glucose formula

C6H12O6

formula for sucrose

C12H22O11

organic substance that contains C, H, and O, usually NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio

lipids

lipids contain

carbon hydrogen oxygen

_______ are not in a 1:2:1 ratio

lipids

lipids may also contain

phosphorous

lipids provide

cell structure in the plasma membrane

lipids are a source for ________

ATP production

lipids are __________ in water

insoluble

examples of lipids

fats phospholipids steroids

building blocks of fats

glycerol fatty acids

different types of fatty acids

saturated unsaturated

Fat has more energy per gram than

carbohydrates

phospholipids building blocks

1 glycerol 2 fatty acid chains

important ______ in ______________ of cells

structure, plasma membrane

steroids building blocks

4 connected rings of carbon atoms

examples of steroids

cholesterol sex hormone vitamin D

composition of proteins

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

proteins function as ______, __________, _____, ______, and _______

structural materials energy sources antibodies enzymes hormones

proteins may also contain ______

sulfur

building blocks of proteins

20 amino acids

examples of proteins

keratin collagen fibrin hemoglobin enzymes

proteins have a unique ________ (____)

conformation, shape

proteins have a unique conformation...

denatured proteins

Conformation and sequence of amino acids in protein gives the protein its ____/________

function, role

______ and _________ of amino acids in protein gives the protein its function/role

Conformation, sequence

nucleic acids composititon

carbon nitrogen hydrogen oxygen

building blocks of nucleic acids

nucleotides

nucleic acids are _______ and __________

large, complex

function in _______ and contain ___________

protein synthesis, genetic info

what is our genetic info

DNA, RNA

nucleotides contain

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

DNA real name

deoxyribose

DNA has a _______ helix

double

RNA real name

ribose

RNA has a _____ helix

single

substances that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen

inorganic substances

Inorganic substances dissolve or react with water to __________

release ions

_________ produce ions

electrolytes

types of inorganic substances

water oxygen carbon dioxide salts

most abundant compound in living material

water

water is a major component of _________ and other _______

blood, bodily fluids

oxygen is transported throughout...

body by blood

oxygen is transported through what

erythrocytes

oxygen is used in ________ to produce ____

cellular respiration, ATP

carbon dioxide is a ___________ of _________

water product, cellular respiration

abundant in tissues and fluids

salts

Electrolytes provide many necessary ____ for the body

ions

List of ions

calcium sodium chlorine magnesium potassium phosphate

2 types of cells

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells without a nucleus or membrane organelles

prokaryotic

cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

eukaryotic

main structures of a cell

plasma membrane (cell membrane) nucleus cytoplasm/organelles

functions of plasma membrane

protection semi-permeable communication

_____________ serves as barrier outside of the cell

Plasma membrane

allows only certain molecules to enter and exit

semi-permeable

allows cells to talk to their surroundings

communication

composition of plasma membrane

lipids (phospholipids) proteins carbohydrate chains some cholesterol

phospholipid molecules have a double layer that acts as _________ for the cell

barrier

Phospholipid molecules allow ______, ______, ______ to enter and exit but few other molecules can get through

oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids

cell surface proteins:

marker protein channel protein receptor protein

identifies the cell

marker protein

allows specific molecules to enter and exit

channel protein

allows cells to communicate

receptor protein

________ is the area inside the cell surrounding the nucleus

cytoplasm

_________ contains the DNA

nucleus

what organelle does the nucleus contain

nucleolus that produces ribosomes

nucleus is enclosed by the...

nuclear membrane

________ acts as and has same composition as the plasma membrane

nucelear membrane

small structures in a cell that perform specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis

organelles

provides structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins

ribosomes

extract energy from the nutrients digested food

mitochondria

maintains the acidic pH that enables the enzymes to function and shield the rest of the cell from the acidic conditions

lysosomes

moves fluids such as mucus over the surface of certain tissues

cilia

move in wave which begins at its base which allows the cell to swim

flagella

contains centrioles and microtubules

centrosomes

no energy used by the cell

passive transport

passive transport consists of

diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion filtration

cell's energy must be used

active transport

how much energy is used in active transport

40% of the cells energy

when molecules move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell's membrane

diffusion

when molecules of water move from areas of high concentration to one of low concentration through a cell's membrane

osmosis

just like diffusion is water moving from _______ to ______ concentration

high to low

water moves through _______ in the membrane not directly through ____________

pores, phospholipid layer

when molecules are too large to enter or exit by normal means and instead have to enter and exit through special carrier proteins

facilitated diffusion

movement is from ____ to ____ concetration

high, low

diffusion is how _________ and _________ have to enter the cell

glucose, some ions

molecules are FORCED from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure

filtration

Is filtration from areas of high to low concentration?

Filtration is how water leaves ...

capilaries

2 types of active transport

endocytosis exocytosis

movement of molecules in through the plasma membrane, usually too large to enter any other way

endocytosis

3 types of endocytosis

pinocytosis phagocytosis recpetor-mediated endocytosis

the movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane, that are usually to large to exit by itself

exocytosis

cells perform metabolic reactions that take ________ of chemical changes that happen in a __________ thanks to _______.

hundreds, fast and orderly manner, enzymes

without enzymes, reactions in cells would...

not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis

our body is temp is not...

high enough

metabolic reactions need _______ to happen

ATP

enzymes are _____ and ______

catalysts, proteins

enzymes work by __________ and __________________

lowering activation energy, speeding rates of chemical reactions

enzymes are not _______ in their function to ___________

consumed, speed the rate of the reaction

each enzyme acts only on __________

one specific substrate

an enzymes ________ allows it to recognize its ________

conformation substrate

enzyme substrate complex:

active site on enzyme

the substrate changes because the enzyme acted....

the reaction has taken place and a new product is formed

every cell contains _________ of enzymes to complete reactions

hundred

many enzymatic reactions are _________

reversible

the rate/speed of enzyme controlled reactions depends on...

number of enzymes and substrate mol in a cell how many substrates an individual enzyme can only process per second

some enzymes can only process __ but others can process __________

a few, thousands per second

four major types of tissues in the human body

epithelial connective muscle nerve

points of contact between the plasma membranes of cells

cell junctions

fluid tight cells

tight junction

3 types of cell junctions

tight anchoring gap

location of cell junctions

stomach small intestines

hold cells to other cells or other structures

anchoring junction

anchoring junctions are common in ________________

tissues subjected to friction and stretching

location of anchoring junctions

outer layer of skin muscles gastrointestinal tract

permits electrical and chemical signals to pass from cell to cell

gap junction

location of gap junctions

parts of a nervous system, cardiac muscles

_____ do not have gap junctions

cancer cells

because cancer cells do not have these junctions, they cannot _______________

communicate with one another

since cancer cells cannot communicate, ______

cell division is not controlled

epithelial tissue functions:

protection diffusion absorption secretion

____________ tissue has the fastest cell mitotic/replication rate

epithelial

___________ tissue is most cells and very little extracellular fluid (matrix)

epithelial

epithelial tissue is vascular or avascular

avascular

__________ tissue has a nerve supply

epithelial

What kind of tissue contains the most cells junctions?

Epithelial

Epithelial tissue can be arranged in a __________ or ___________

single layer, multiple layers of

Single layer of epithelial tissue

simple

Multiple layer of epithelial tissue

stratified

mixture of cell shapes in one layer:

pseudostratified

pseudosrratified is NOT _________

multilayered

cells can be varied in what ways?

squamous cuboidal columnar

thin flat cells

squamous

cells are as tall as wide

cuboidal

cells are taller than they are wide

columnar

cells can change shape due to tension

transitional

epithelial tissue is often referred to as ___________

lining tissue

why call it lining tissue?

epithelial tissue lines the inside and outside pf all structures in the body

epithelial tissue firmly ______ to the ___________ just beneath it

adheres, connective tissue

How does epithelial tissue adhere to the connective tissue?

by a membrane called: basement membrane

the ________ and ________ of epithelial cells usually tell the functions of epithelial tissue

shape, layering

Functions of simple squamous

diffusion

Functions of simple cuboidal and simple columnar

absorption and secretion possible protection depending on what the cells secrete

Functions of stratified squamous, cuboidal, or columnar

protection absorption secretion

__________ are composed of epithelial cells and are therefore considered epithelial tissue

Glands

one cell or a group of highly specialized cells that secrete substances into and through ducts to the surface of a structure/organ/tissue or secretes substances directly into the bloodstream

gland

2 types of glands

endocrine exocrine

secretes its substance into bloodstream

endocrine

Endocrine are __________

ductless

Examples of endocrine glands

thyroid pituitary adrenal hypathalamus pineal etc

secrete their substance into and through a duct to the surface of a structure/organs/tissue

exocrine glands

Examples of exocrine glands

sebaceous sudoriferous cerumious salivary

connective tissue functions

protection structure hematopoiesis energy storage mineral storage body temp homeostasis binds organs carries oxygen immune system blood clotting

connective tissue has a slower replication rate than epithelial, but they do __________

replicate

Connective tissue has less cells but more ________ than epithelial

matrix

Connective tissue is it avascular or vascular

Some of both

Most connective tissue have a ___________ but some don't

nerve supply

Which type of tissue has the fewest cell junctions?

connective

shapes of cells vary depending on specific ___________

types of tissues

What is the most abundant tissue in the human body?

connective tissue

types of connective tissue

bone ligaments tendons cartilage adipose blood

Each connective tissue example has their own unique cell _________ and _________.

shapes, functions

3 basic units of connective tissue

cells ground substance fibers

ground substance and fibers make up the _______

matrix

_______ is a intercellular/extracellular substance which is found in between the cells of tissue

matrix

the fibers within the matrix give the tissue ____________

strength and support

3 types of fibers

collagen elastic reticular

collagen fiber is composed of the protein _______

collagen

________ fibers very strong, resistant to stretching, but are little flexible

collagen

Collagen Fibers are found in

bond tendons ligaments cartilage

elastic fiber is composed of the protein_____

elastin

_______ fiber provides strength and flexibility through its ability to stretch

Elastic

Elastic fiber are found in...

skin blood vessels lungs

reticular fiber is very ___ and ________

thin, collagenous fiber

___________ fiber provides structural support

reticular

Reticular fiber supports

adipose nerve muscle fibers

classification of cells in connective tissue

fixed cells wandering cells

appear in tissue temporarily usually in response to infection or injury

wandering cells

a usually large, irregular, and branching phagocytic cell existing in certain tissues

fixed cells

fixed cells in connective tissue

fibroblasts mast cells macrophages

cells that produce fibers that go into matrix

fibroblasts

mast cells produced...

histamine and heparin

histamine...

inflammation and allergies

prevents blood from clotting

heparin

function in phagocytosis and are in a fixed number in certain tissues

macrophages

macrophages are mainly

wandering

macrohpages originate as ______ and are specialized to ______________

leukocytes, carry out phagocytosis

3 different types of cartilage

hyaline fibrocartilage elastic

ends of long bones growth plates nose rings within respiratory passages costal cartilages

hyaline

stronger cartilage with fibers intervertebral discs menisci pubis symphysis

firbocartilage

parts or ears and larynx

eleastic

contract to produce force for motion

functions of muscle tissue

secondary functions are ________________ and ______________

thermogenesis, maintain posture

body temp regulation

thermogenesis

Muscle/cell fibers replicate only during the __________

first couple years

_______ cells have many cells with little matrix between cells

Muscle

Which tissue have the most vascular tissue in the body?

Muscle

muscle fibers have a ____________

nerve supply

Muscle have a many or few cell junctions

many

the shapes of the muscle cells are _______ depending on what type of ________ it is

different, muscle

types of muscle fibers

skeletal cardiac smooth

another word for smooth

visceral

is skeletal voluntary

yes

does skeletal muscle fibers have a striation

yes

________ has many nuclei near periphery of the cell

skeletal muscle fibers

location of skeletal muscle fibers

muscles usually attached to bones

is smooth muscle fibers voluntary

does smooth muscle fibers have striations

location of smooth muscle fibers

walls of hollow internal organs

________ consists of spindle-shaped cells each with a large nucleus

smooth muscle fibers

is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary

is cardiac muscle striated

yes

what is the location of cardiac muscle

heart muscle

__________: cells are branched and interconnected, which each has a single nucleus

cardiac muscle

cellular processes that receive nerve impulses from other neurons

dendrites

to create and send nerve impulses throughout the body

functions of nervous tissue

Can neuroglia replicate?

yes

when muscle fibers increase in size due to strenuous anaerobic use

muscle hypertrophy

alternating light and dark cross-marking on some types of muscle tissue

striations

slow to no replication

neurons

two very important protein myofilaments found in muscle cells

actin and myosin

when muscle fibers decrease in size due to non-use or disease

muscle atrophy

nerve cells that can recieve and send nerve impulses

neurons

________ are often at the site of tumors, in the nervous system/brain

neurons

Neurons have fewer ___________ but more than connective tissue

cell junctions

the shortening of a muscle fiber to produce force

muscle contraction

__________ tissue: Many neuroglia cells, and fewer, neurons with little matrix between

nerve

Is nervous tissue vascular or avascular

vascular

same as muscle cell

muscle fiber

types of nerve cells

neurons neuroglia

Nerve cells transfers ______ itself

nerve tissue

Does nerve tissue have a nerve supply?

yes

muscle fibers that are under our conscious control to contract

voluntary muscles

when a muscle fiber can no longer contract

muscle fatigue

main part of cell that contains the nucleus

cell body

cellular process that relays nerve impulses from one neuron to another neuron to a muscle or gland

axon

muscle fibers that are not under our conscious control to contract

involuntary muscle fibers

Involuntary muscle fibers has 3 distinct regions called...

cell body dendrites axon

nerve cells that protect and support neurons

neuroglia

________ cannot receive and send nerve impulses

Neuroglia

production of heat as a result of muscle contraction and relaxation

thermogenesis

________ are branched and interconnected which each has a single nucleus

Nerve

In a cell, mitochondria function to:

produce ATP by release energy from glucose molecules

In a cell, this organelle is the site of protein synthesis

ribosomes

Enzymes: a. cause the activation energy for reactions to be lowered b. act to alter the rate of metabolic reactions c. are not consumed or changed as a result of the reactions they control d. only answers "a" and "b" are correct e. answeres "a", "b", and "c" are correct

e. all are correct

Enzymes are needed to promote metabolic reactions in the body because

the temperature in cells is not high enough to promote the increase in chemical reactions rates

Enzymes can be denatured by:

heat and radiation chemicals and extremes of pH electricity

Which of these is an example of an anabolic reaction? The making of proteins The making of a Disaccharide from monosaccharides?

both

The nitrogen bases found in DNA are:

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

DNA is composed of how many nucleotide pairs

approximately 3 billion

The DNA of a cell is replicated during

S-stage of the cell cycle

In DNA replication, hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides are broken and the DNA is unzipped by

helicase

In DNA replication new strands of DNA are produced by this enzyme

DNA polymerase

In creating a DNA complementary strand to the DNA template, Adenine always binds with

Thymine

In cellular respiration, aerobic cellular respiration take place in the

mitochondria of a cell

As a result of the citric acid cycle, how many ATP are produced

2 ATP

As a result of glycolysis, what are all the products?

ATP, high energy electrons, NADH, and pyruvic acid

In cellular respiration, the first step is when glucose is changed into 2 pyruvate molecules. What is this step called?

glycolysis

In cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is produced during what cycle?

citric acid cycle (KREBS)

How many ATP does glycolysis produce in net gain?

net gain of 2 ATP

Most of the ATP produced as a result of cellular respiration is produced during what step?

electron transport chain

In cellular respiration, the electron transport chain happens where in a cell?

in the mitochondria

During protein synthesis, the actual assembling of proteins takes place

at the ribosome in the cytoplasm of a cell

What is the starter codon for the process of protein synthesis?

AUG

The process of copying a gene of DNA into mRNA is called

transcription

The enzyme responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between the DNA nucleotides for the formation of mRNA is

RNA polymerase

What is the complementary mRNA strand to the DNA strand ATAATTGAC

UAUUAACUG

During translation of protein synthesis, mRNA is translated by:

t-RNA with anticodon

Small DNA segments copied during DNA replication because they are on the lagging strand and run opposite to the leading strand are called?

Okazaki fragments

There are two types of metabolic reactions. Which one takes smaller molecules to build larger molecules?

Anabolic reaction

As a result of mitosis, what is produced?

2 new diploid nuclei

In what stage of mitosis do chromosomes first appear?

prophase

In mitosis, the new nuclei made at the end of telophase have

the exact same DNA information in each nucleus

In what stage of meiosis does crossing-over happen?

Prophase I

As a result of meiosis II and then cytokinesis, what is produced?

4 new non-identical haploid cells

The nuclei produced as a result of meiosis will go into:

gametes

Translation is when:

mRNA is ready by tRNA to assemble a protein

What are the stop codons

UAA, UGA, UAG

On mRNA, a series of 3 nucleotides in sequence is called a:

codon

In cellular respiration, water is produced in what step?

Electron transport chain

The final acceptor of electrons in cellular respiration is:

oxygen

TRUE OR FALSE: Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the information copied from a gene on the DNA to the ribosome to produce a specific protein

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Only 2 ATP are produced during the citric acid cycle

True

TRUE OR FALSE: In cellular respiration, glycolysis is considered an aerobic reaction

False, anaerobic

TRUE OR FALSE: The synthesizing of nucleic acids is a catabolic reaction

FALSE, anabolic

TRUE OR FALSE: Only carbohydrates, not fats or proteins, can be broken down to produce ATP

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Most metabolic reactions in your body use energy (ATP)

True

TRUE OR FALSE: In cellular respiration, cells can turn 75% of the energy released into ATP

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Cells "burn" glucose molecules in a process called oxidation

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The enzyme exonuclease helps bind amino acids together in the synthesis of a protein

False

TRUE OR FALSE: The chemical formula for glucose is C12H22O11.

False

SYNAPSIS a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

meiosis

RNA POLYMERASE a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

protein synthesis

CITRIC ACID a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

cellular respiration

TRANSLATION a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

protein synthesis

GLYCOLYSIS a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

cellular respiration

HELICASE a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

DNA Replication

IDENTICAL DIPLOID NUCLEI a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

mitosis

MITOCHONDRIA a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

cellular respiration

CUG a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

Protein synthesis

AMINO ACIDS a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

protein synthesis

RIBOSOMES a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

protein synthesis

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

cellular respiration

t-RNA a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

protein synthesis

DNA POLYMERASE a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

DNA Replication

NADH and FADH2 a) Mitosis b) Meiosis c) DNA Replication d) Protein synthesis e) cellular respiration

cellular respiration

relates to DNA replication, is an essential enzyme. It unzips the DNA so it unwinds from its double helix. Hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides are broken and the DNA is unzipped

helicase

this is the first stage in cellular respiration. it produces a net gain of 2 ATP< so 4 total, electrons, NADH, and pyruvate (2). More specifically, glucose is what it's being changed into the 2 pyruvic molecules. This is an anaerobic process

glycolysis

also relates to DNA replication. In DNA Replication, new strands of DNA are produced by this enzyme

DNA polymerase

occurs in P-I in meiosis-I. It occurs so that non-identical haploid nuclei can be produced

crossing over

Chemical equation for cellular respiration.

C6H12O6 + O2 ----> 36 ATP + CO2 + H2O + Heat

Why is protein synthesis sometimes referred to as gene expression?

because when a gene is expressed, it presents the ability for the protein to be assembled without a protein, there can be no trait, so if a gene is expressed or "turned on", the protein will synthesize a trait relating to that specific gene

An ocular of 10X is used, what is the magnification if the objective is: a) 10X b) 40X c) 100X

100X 400X 1000X

Explain what Parfocal means.

Parfocal is the ability of a microscope to stay in focus when you change objectives.

Explain what is meant by resolving power of a microscope.

The ability of a microscope to distinguish between 2 lines or image.

What happens to the size of the area viewed as one used a higher power?

When you increase to a higher objective, the image is magnified, but the area you see is smaller.

LENS MARKED 100X a) Body tube b) Coarse adjustment c) Disc diaphragm d) High power objective e) Low power objective f) Nosepiece g) Stage h) Fine adjustment

High power objective

PLATFORM FOR PLACING SLIDES a) Body tube b) Coarse adjustment c) Disc diaphragm d) High power objective e) Low power objective f) Nosepiece g) Stage h) Fine adjustment

Stage

DIAL USED FOR FINAL FOCUSING a) Body tube b) Coarse adjustment c) Disc diaphragm d) High power objective e) Low power objective f) Nosepiece g) Stage h) Fine adjustment

Fine adjustment

MAIN CYLINDRICAL PART OF MICROSCOPE a) Body tube b) Coarse adjustment c) Disc diaphragm d) High power objective e) Low power objective f) Nosepiece g) Stage h) Fine adjustment

Body tube

REGULATES LIGHT PASSING a) Body tube b) Coarse adjustment c) Disc diaphragm d) High power objective e) Low power objective f) Nosepiece g) Stage h) Fine adjustment

Disc diaphragm

DIAL USED FOR INITIAL FOCUSING a) Body tube b) Coarse adjustment c) Disc diaphragm d) High power objective e) Low power objective f) Nosepiece g) Stage h) Fine adjustment

Coarse adjustment

LENS MARKED 10X a) Body tube b) Coarse adjustment c) Disc diaphragm d) High power objective e) Low power objective f) Nosepiece g) Stage h) Fine adjustment

Low power objective

CIRCULAR PLATE AT BOTTOM OF BODY TUBE IN WHICH OBJECTIVES ARE ATTACHED a) Body tube b) Coarse adjustment c) Disc diaphragm d) High power objective e) Low power objective f) Nosepiece g) Stage h) Fine adjustment

Nosepiece

Simple Columnar Epithelium Location

Lines uterus Lines: stomach, small intestines, large intestine; lines portions of digestive tract

Simple Columnar Epithelium Functions

- protection because cells are tall -absorption -secretion

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium Locations

- Lines portions of respiratory tract - trachea - nasal passage - bronchi

Stratified squamous epithelium Locations

- epidermis - lines oral cavity - lines esophagus - lines anal cavity - lines vagina

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium Function

- protection a) mucus & cilia - absorption - secretion

Stratified squamous epithelium Functions

- protection because of layering found anywhere there will be friction

Stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelium locations

- epidermis - lines: oral cavity, vagina, anal cavity, esophagus

Stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelium Functions:

- protection - absorption - secretion

Goblet cells within simple columnar epithelium location

-Lines: bronchi, small and large intestines

Goblet cells within simple columnar epithelium functions

- protection -absorption -secretion

Fibrocarilage location

- intervertebral discs - menisci - glenoid/abrum - acetabular labrum - pubis symphysis

Fibrocarilage functions

- protection - shock absorbers - support specific joints

Normal blood smear location

blood vessels

Normal blood smear function

- carries O2 - fight infections - blood clotting - carries nutrients

Sickle cell anemia blood sear location

blood

Sickle cell anemia blood sear function

caused by a chance in the blood that tells the body to make hemoglobin effects include severe pain, anemia, chest pain, strokes, joint pain

Leukemia blood smear location

blood

Leukemia blood smear function

caused by the bone marrow starting to make a lot of abnormal white blood cells, these overtime crowed out the normal blood cells effects include fever & night sweats, headaches, bruising/bleeding easily, bone or joint pain

Adipose tissue locations

- subcutaneous layer - around some joints - around/on surface of heart and kidneys - behind eyeballs - in spaces between skeletal muscles

Adipose tissue functions

- body temperature regulation - energy storage - protection

Bone tissue locations

- in bones of the skeletal system

Bone tissue functions

-protection -framework -hematopoiesis -mineral storage -energy storage

Hyaline cartilage locations

-ends of long bones -end of nose - cartilage rings found inside trachea

Hyaline cartilage functions

-protection -support organs -framework

Skeletal muscle tissue locations

- muscles attached to bones

Skeletal muscle tissue functions

-contract to produce force for movement -thermogenesis -maintain posture

Smooth muscle tissue locations

-lines hollow organs: stomach, esophagus, blood vessels, small and large intestines, urinary bladder, - iris of the eye

Smooth muscle tissue functions

- contract to produce force for motion

Cardiac muscle tissue location

heart

Cardiac muscle tissue functions

- contract to produce force for motion

Nerve tissue locations

- brain - spinal cord - all nerves in body

Nerve tissue functions

- create, send, and relay nerve impulses -neuroglia support neurons

Tendon (dense regular connective tissue) location

- attach skeletal muscle to bones

Tendon dense regular connective tissue) function

-attach skeletal muscle to bones

Human skin location

- outer covering of the body

Human skin function

-protection -body temperature regulation -aids in making vitamin D - houses nerve for sensations of touch, pain, cold, & heat

Specific tissue that contains goblet cells and lines the stomach and intestines

simple columnar epithelium

Specific tissue composed of a single layer of flat cells concerned with diffusion and filtration

simple squamous epithelium

specific type of connective tissue that functions to carry oxygen throughout the body

blood (erythrocytes)

specific tissue that lines kidney tubules and the ducts of certain glands and functions in absorption and secretion

simple cuboidal epithelium

a very specific type of epithelial tissue that has waterproofing and protective function

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

this specific tissue is found at the end of long bones and in the soft part of the nose

hyaline cartilage

specific type of cell found in nervous tissue that conducts nerve impulses along its processes

neuron

specific type of muscle tissue that has striations and is voluntary

skeletal muscle

specific type of cell that has the ability to secrete mucous, sometimes it is referred to as a unicellular gland

goblet cell

general type of tissue that functions in protection, body temperature regulation, immune response, and energy storage

connective

general type of tissue that functions to produce force for motion

muscle

this specific type of cartilage composes your intervertebral discs, pubis sumphysis, and menisci

fibrocartilage

a specific type of muscle tissue that is involuntary and non-striated (often referred to as visceral muscle)

smooth muscle

the top layer of your epidermis are composed mainly of this specific type of epithelial tissue

stratified squamous epithelium

the second layer of your skin is composed of this general type of tissue

connective

specific type of connective tissue that functions in body temperature regulation, protection, and energy storage

adipose

type of cell that contains structures called axons and dendrites

neuron

specific type of epithelial cell(s) that function in absorption and secretion

cuboidal and columnar

specific type of connective tissue that functions to carry oxygen, immune system, blood clotting, carry nutrients throughout the body

blood

specific type of tissue that compose the walls of capillaries and alveoil

simple squamous epithelium

Smooth muscle tissue is also referred to as ________ muscle tissue.

visceral

The part of a neuron that receives nerve impulses and carries the message to the cell body is called the _________-

dendrites

Very small, special structures found on the surface of some cells that act to filter or catch and move particles from one place to another are called ___________

cilia

Small nerve cells that are abundant in number that function to support neurons are called ____________

neuroglia (glia)

a group of similar cells in both structure and function

tissue

removal of tissue for examination

biopsy

TRUE OR FALSE: Connective tissue have the most cells junctions

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissues have the highest mitotic rate

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Connective tissues are the most vascular of all the 4 tissues in the body.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Functions of connective tissues include protection, hematopoiesis, binds organs together, carry oxygen, and energy storage

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithileal cells that are thin and flat are called cuboidak

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissues cells are very closely packed together

True

TRUE OR FALSE: All the different types of connective tissues (bone, adipose, ligaments, blood, tendons, cartilage) are vascular

False

TRUE OR FALSE: The main function of muscle tissue is to contract to produce force for movement

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissue is avascular

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial cells that are cuboidal or columnar------- will have the function of absorption and secretion

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle tissue is the most abundant tissue of the 4 tissues in the body

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Epithelial tissues have the most matrix between their cells

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Nervous tissue contain cells called neurons and neuroglia

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle tissue is avascular

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle tissue has a nerve supply within it

True

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ANATOMY WINTER FINAL EVERYTHING Flashcards

(482 cards)