Anatomy II test 3 Flashcards
(554 cards)
1
Q
What are the boundaries of the neck?
A
Sup.-cranium
Inf.- clavicles
2
Q
What does the skeleton of the neck include?
A
Cervical vertebrae
hyoid bone
manubrium of the sternum
clavicles
3
Q
What are the functions of cervical vert.?
A
- framework
- supporter
- container
4
Q
What articulation provides flexabiltiy?
A
intervertebral
5
Q
c3-6 typical characteristics
A
body=small, oval sup. surface of body=concave, inf.=convex vertebral foramen=large triangle transverse foramina for vert. artery spinous=short, bifid sup. facets=superoposterior inf. facets=inferoposterior
6
Q
C1
A
ring-like no spinous no body two lateral masses two arches=ant. post. articulates with occipital condyles
7
Q
C2
A
dens=superior projection, articulates with atlas
8
Q
C7
A
spinous=long, not bifid
large transverse
small foramen
9
Q
hyoid bone
“U shaped”, body, 2 great horns, 2 lesser horns
A
no joint
anterior in neck at C3 vert.
btw. mandible and thyroid cartilage
suspended by muscles and ligaments
10
Q
What encircles the superficial structures of the neck?
A
skin and superficial cervical fascia
11
Q
What seperates the deep structures?
A
deep cervical fascia
12
Q
Where does infection spread in fascia?
A
deep cervcal fascia compartment
13
Q
What muscle is contained within the superficial cervical fascia?
A
platysma
14
Q
What is contained in the Superficial Cervical Fascia?
A
cutaneous nerves blood vss. lymph vss. superficial lymph nodes fat
15
Q
What nerve supplies Platysma?
A
CN VII
sensory nn. from cervical plexus
16
Q
Where does platysma m. originate?
A
deep fascia of
- deltoid
- pectoralis major
17
Q
Where does platysma attach?
A
skin of inf. border of mandible bone
18
Q
stess and grimace
face shaving
A
platysma
19
Q
What parts are in deep cervical fascia? (4)
A
investing
pretrachial
prevertebral
carotid sheath
20
Q
Why dowe need so much fascia?
A
- protect viscera, blood vss., nerves
- to seperate organs
- free organ movement—swallowing
- limit pus migration
21
Q
What is the most superficial deep fascia?
A
Investing layer
22
Q
What muscles does the investing layer wrap?
A
trapezius
SCM
23
Q
What innervates the trapezius and SCM?
A
CN XI
24
Q
Sup. attachment of investing layer
A
sup. nuchal line mastoid zygomatic arch inf. border of mandible hyoid
25
Inf. attachment of investing layer
manubrium
clavicles
acromions
spines of scapulae
26
post. attachment of investing layer
C7 spinous
| nuchal ligament
27
What chape is the nuchal ligament?
triangular
28
What parts make up the Pretracheal layer?
muscular part
| visceral part
29
muscular part of pretracheal covers
infrahyoid muscles
30
visceral part of pretracheal covers
thyroid gland
trachea
esophagus
31
What are the attachments of the visceral part of the deep cervical fascia?
sup.=hyoid
inf.=heart
lateral=carotid sheaths
32
What does the Prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia form?
A tubular sheath for vertebral muscles around:
1. vertebral colomn
2. sympathetic trunk
33
What are the attachments of Prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia?
Sup.=cranial base
Inf.=endothoracic fascia and ALL at T3
Lateral=axillary sheath
34
The carotid sheath
is like a tube
35
The cortid sheath communicates with (2)
Sup.=cranial cavity via blood vss. and nerves
Inf.= mediastinum of the thorax
(potential way of infection)
36
The carotid sheath contains (6)
1. common and internal carotid aa.
2. IJV
3. Vagus N.
4. Deep Lymph nodes
5. carotid sinus n.
6. sympathetic nerve fibers
37
The carotid sheath attachments (2)
Ant.= investing layer of deep cervical fascia
| Post.=prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia
38
What is the most important interfascial space in the neck?
Retropharyngeal space
39
What is the buccopharyngeal fascia?
the anterior superior wall of the retropharyngeal space
40
The anterior inferior wall of the retropharyngeal space connects with what?
prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia
41
What is the retropharyngeal space's posterior wall?
prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia
42
What is closed by the cranial base?
the superior wall
43
The inferior of the retropharyngeal space goes through to where?
superior mediastinum
44
What is the small fascia insert this space?
alar fascia
45
Where does alar fascia begin and end?
Begin: cranium base
End: C7
46
What does the alar fascia stick with?
prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia in midline
47
What does the alar ligament attach to laterally?
carotid sheath
48
What are the 5 regions of the neck?
1. SCM region
2. Posterior Cervical Region
3. Lateral Cervical Region (Posterior Triangle)
4. Anterior Cervical Region (Anterior Triangle)
5. Suboccipital Region
49
A Region
Between the anterior border and posterior border of SCM
50
B Region
After the anterior border of trapeezius
51
C Region
Btw. post. border of SCM,
Ant. border of trapezius
and Sup. border of clavicle
52
D Region
BTW. Ant. border of SCM
median neck of midline
and marginal border of mandible
53
What can be found in the SCM Region?
1. Sup. part of EJV
2. SCM
3. greater auricular nerve (C2,3)
4. transverse cervical n.
54
What are the Superior attachments of the SCM?
Mastoid-temporal
| superior nuchal line-occipital
55
Does the SCM have two heads?
YES (name and attachment)
Sternal Head-manubrium
Clavicular head-superior surface of the medial third of the clavicle
56
What is the lesser supraclavicular fossa?
a fossa between the heads of SCM
57
What encloses the SCM?
investing layer of deep cervical fascia
58
What joints of the SCM can move the heads?
1. craniovertebral joint
| 2. intervertebral joint
59
What is the AO joint considered?
a Craniovertebral joint!
60
The AO joint is between the cranium and
atlas
61
When can the SCM perform bilateral flexion?
1. If the cervical vert. is already flexed
| 2. if the head is extended
62
When can the SCM perform biltateral extension?
when the muscles fix the vertebral column well
63
What is the other bilateral movement of the SCM?
elevate the clavicles, manubrium and rib
| helps resperation
64
What is the unilateral movemant of the SCM?
laterally flex and rotate to opposite side
65
What does the Posterior cervical region contain?
trapezius muscles
| cutanious branches
66
What covers the posterolateral aspet of the neck and thorax?
trapezius
67
What does trapezius m. attach?
the pectoral girdle to the cranium and vertebral column
68
Trapezius innervation
CN XI spinal accessory n.
| C2 and C3 nn.
69
Where is the cutaneous n. in the posterior cervical region from?
Post. rami of cervical spinal nn.
70
Ant. border of Lateral Cervical Region (Post. Triangle)
Posterior border of SCM
71
Post. border of Lateral Cervical Region(Post. Triangle)
Ant. border of trapezius
72
Inf. border of Lateral Cervical Region
| Post. Triangle
middle third of clavicle
73
Apex of Lateral Cervical Region
| Post. Triangle
SCM and Trapezius meet at the superior nuchal line
74
Roof of Lateral Cervical Region
| Post. Triangle
investing layer of deep cervical fascia
75
Floor of Lateral Cervical Region
| Post. Triangle
muscles covered by prevertebral layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
76
What divides the Lateral Cervical Region
| (Post. Triangle)?
inferior belly of omohyoid
77
What are the contents of the Lateral Cervical Region
| (Post. Triangle)?
vessels, nerves, lymph nodes
78
What are the two subtriangles of the Lateral Cervical Region
| (Post. Triangle)?
occipital triangle
| omoclvicular triangle
79
What appears at the apex of the occipital triangle?
occipital artery
80
What makes up the border of the omoclavicular triangle?
omohyoid muscle
| clavicle
81
What are the contents of omoclavicular triangle?
inferior EJV
| Subclavian artery deep
82
What is the floor of the Lateral Cervical Region
| (Post. Triangle)?
4 muscles:
1. splenius capitus
2. levator scapulae
3. scalenus posterior
4. scalenus medius
83
What appears in the Lateral Cervical Region
| (Post. Triangle)?sometimes?
scalenus anterior
84
What are the arteries of the Lateral Cervical Region
| (Post. Triangle)?
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular a.
Occipital a.
Third part of Subclavian a.
85
What is the origin of the transverse cervical artery?
thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian)
86
What is the path of the Transverse Cervical A.?
lateral---2cm sup.to clavicle----
across phrenic and ant. scalene---
across brachial plexus---
then deep to trapezius
87
What are the branches of the Transverse Cervical A.?
(branch, path)
superficial-spinal accesorry nerve
deep-becomes dorsal scapular artery
88
Where does the dorsal scapular a. go?
deep of rhomboid muscles
89
30% of people
dorsal scapular n. arises from transverse cervical a.
90
70% of people
dorsal scapular a. arises from subclavian
91
Where does the Suprascapular a. arise from?
thyrocervical trunk
92
suprascapular a.
| course
```
inferolateral----cross brachial plexus---
cross third part of subclavian---
cord of brachial plexus---
posterior to clavicle----
supplies posterior aspect of scapula
```
93
Occipital a.
| origin
External Carotid
94
occipital a.
| course
enters apex of triangle---
| goes to posterior half of scalp
95
third part of subclavbian
| origin
2nd part of subclavian
96
third part of subclavian
| course
lateral border of anterior scalene, one finger's width superior to clavicle-----
posterosuperior to subclavian vein
97
What is inferior to the third part of subclavian a.?
first rib
98
Where is omoclavicular triangle?
The area we pin the subclavian a. to first rib to stop bleeding of upper limb
99
veins of Lateral Cervical region?
EJV
| Subclavian v.
100
EJV
| origin
angle of mandible
101
subclavian v.
| origin
axillary vein
102
subclavian v
| course
passes over anterior scalene m and phrenic n.---
meets IJV at medial border of anterior scalene---
forms brachiocephalic vein
103
What are the nerves of the Lateral Cervical Region? (7)
1.Spinal Accessory n.
2.Roots of Brachial Plexus
3.roots of cervical plexus
4. suprascapular n.
5. Phrenic n.
6.Cutaneous nn.
7.Ansa cervical n
SPARCSR
104
Spinal accessory nerve CN XI
| course
under SCM (and supplies it)---
enters triangle at middle third of posterior border of SCM----
over levator scapulae---
deep at anterior border of trapezius at middle inferior third of anterior border of trapezius
105
roots of brachial plexus
ant. rami of C5-C8 and T1 spinal n.
106
roots of brachial plexus
| course
BTW. anterior scalene and middle scalene---
5 rami unite to form three trunks (upper, middle, lower)---
descend inferolaterally---
pass btw first rib, clavicle, and sup. border of scapula into axilla
107
suprascapular n.
| origin
sup. turnk of brachial plexus
108
suprascapular n.
| course
lateral across lateral cervical region to supply supra and infra spinatus
109
roots of cervical plexus
| origin
anterior rami of C1-C4
| irregular series of loops
110
roots of cervical plexus
| course
cross over levator scapulae and middle scalene m. deep to SCM
111
What branches come from the roots of the cervical plexus? (3)
cutaneous branches to skin
phrenic n. to muscles
ansa cervicalis to muscles
112
Where do the cutaneous branches appear after branching from cervical plexus?
middle point of posterior SCM
| NERVE POINT OF THE NECK
113
What do the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus supply?
skin of neck
supralateral thoracic wall
scalp btw. ear and EOP
114
What are the four branches of cutaneous nerves?
1. lesser occipital n. (C2)
2. Great Auricular n. (C2,C3)
3. Transverse Cervical n.(C2,C3)
4. suprascapular nn. (C3,C4)
115
Phrenic N.
| origin
C3-C5
116
Phrenic N.
| fibers
sensory
motor
(sympathetic)
117
Phrenic n.
| begins
thyroid level of lateral border of anterior scalene
118
What and where does the Phrenic n. accept fibers from?
from cervical sympathetic ganglion atthyroid level of lateral border of anterior scalene
119
phrenic n.
| course
thyroid level of lateral border of anterior scalene---
travels with IJV---
behind transverse a. and suprascapular a.---
bhind subclavian v.---
enters thorax to supply diaphragm, mediastinal pleura and pericardium
120
Ansa cervical n.
| supply
muscles of hyoid (inferior part)
121
Anterior Cervical Region (Anterior Triangle)
| Anterior Boundary
median line of neck
122
Anterior Cervical Region (Anterior Triangle)
| Posterior Boundary
Anterior Border of SCM
123
Anterior Cervical Region (Anterior Triangle)
| Superior Boundary
inferior border of mandible
124
Anterior Cervical Region (Anterior Triangle)
| Apex Boundary
jugular notch
125
Anterior Cervical Region (Anterior Triangle)
| Roof Boundary
subcutaneous tissue containing platysma
126
Anterior Cervical Region (Anterior Triangle)
| Floor Boundary
pharynx, larynx, and thyroid
127
Anterior Cervical Region (Anterior Triangle)
| Four Divisions
Submental triangle (unpaired)
submandibular triangle (paired)
carotid (paired)
muscular (paired)
128
Submental Triangle
| Inferior Boundary
body of hyoid
129
Submental Triangle
| 2 lateral Boundary
Left Ant. Belly of Digastric
| Right Ant. Belly of Digastric
130
Submental Triangle
| Floor Boundary
two mylohyoid muscles
131
two mylohyoid muscles
| meeting point
median fibrous raphe
132
Submental Triangle
| contents
several small submental lymph nodes
| small veins
133
Submandibular triangle
| anterior boundary
anterior belly of digastric
134
Submandibular triangle
| posterior boundary
posterior belly of digastric
135
Submandibular triangle
| lateral boundary
inferior boundry of mandible
136
Submandibular triangle
| floor boundary
mylohyoid m.
hyoglossusm
middle constrictor muscle of pharynx
137
Submandibular triangle
| contents
```
submandibular gland
hypoglossal n (CNXII)
submandibular lymph nodes
hyoglossus m.
submental a. (branch of facial)
```
138
Carotid Triangle---vascular area
| anterior Boundry
superior belly of the omohyoid m
139
Carotid Triangle---vascular area
| posterior Boundry
anterior border of SCM
140
Carotid Triangle---vascular area
| superior Boundry
posterior belly of digastric
141
Muscular Triangle
| anterior boundry
median line of neck
142
Muscular Triangle
| posterior boundry
anterior border of SCM
143
Muscular Triangle
| Superior boundry
superior belly of the omohyoid m.
144
Muscular Triangle
| contents
infrahyoid m.
145
suprahyoid muscles
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
146
What are the functions of the suprahyoid muscles?
becomes the floor
helps with swallowing (elevate hyoid and pharynx)
helps make sound
147
What is between the bellies of the digastric?
tendon (held in place by trochlea from pretracheal layer of DCF)
148
Infrahyoid muscles
```
thyrohyoid
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
TOSS
```
149
Infrahyoid muscles
| functions
help swallow
| help speaking
150
intermediate tendon
between two bellies of omohyoid
| trochlea holds to clavicle
151
What covers the lateral lobe of the thyroid?
sternothyroid
152
Where does sternothyroid attach?
oblique line of thyroid cartilage
153
Anterior Triangle
| Arteries
Common corotid
internal carotid
external carotid
154
Right common corotid
| beginning
bifurication of brachiocephalic trunk
155
Left common Carotid
| beginning
arch of aorta
156
Where does the carotid artery divide?
superior border of the thyroid cartilage
157
physics checking station
carotid sinus
158
carotid sinus
a slight dialation of the proximal part of the internal carotid artery
159
what type of receptor is located in the carotid sinus
baroreceptor (pressoreceptor)
160
What innervates the carotid sinus?
carotid sinus nerve from glossopharyngeal CN IX
161
Carotid body
small, oval, tissue, located in the bifurication of the common carotid artery (close to carotid sinuses)
162
What type of receptor is the carotid body?
chemoreceptor (O2)
163
The body needs more oxygen, what happens?
sensed by carotid body---increase in rate and depth of resperation and blood pressure
164
carotid body
| innervation
carotid sinus nerve (from CN IX)
| Vagus CNX
165
The carotid sheath covers what structures?
carotid artery
internal jugular
vagus nerve
166
What is located on top of the carotid sheath?
ansa cervicalis
167
The Internal carotid artery enters the cranium at what structure?
carotid canal
168
What is the main artery for the face?
External carotid artery
169
External carotid Artery
| course
goes superior between neck of mandible and auricle-----
embedded in parotid gland-----
divides into two terminal branches
(maxillary and superficial temporal)
170
External Carotid Artery
| branches within neck
```
Superior thyroid
occipital
ascending pharyngeal
posterior auricular
facial
lingual
```
171
1 medial branch of ECA
ascending pharyngeal
172
2 posterior branches of ECA
occipital and posterior auricular
173
3 anterior branches of ECA
superior thyroid
lingual
facial
174
Ascending pharyngeal a
| path
into the deep of pharynx
175
ascending phayngeal a
| supplies
pharynx
prevertebral muscles
middle ear
cranial meninges
176
occipital a
| path
under the posterior belly of digastric
177
occipital a
| supplies
occipital scalp
178
posterior auricular a.
| path
superior between the external acoustic meatus and mastoid process
179
posterior auricular a
| supply
```
adjacent muscles
parotid gland
facial nerves
auricle
scalp
```
180
superior thyroid a
| path
most inferior
181
superior thyroid a
| supplies
thyroid
infrahyoid muscles
SCM
branches to send superior laryngeal to larynx
182
lingual a
| path
goes deep to hypoglossal nerve CN XII
posterior belly of digastric
then deep to hypoglossus mm
183
lingual a
| supplies
posterior part of tongue
184
facial a
| path
immediate superior to lingual a---
under the posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid m----
under angle of mandible----
forward to submandibular gland----
branches submental a to floor of mouth---
turns around to face at the middle point of the inferior of the mandible
185
What are the veins of the anterior triangle?
tributaries of the IJV
186
Where does the IJV drain blood from?
brain
face
cervical viscera
deep muscles of neck
187
IJV
| begins
jugular foramen
188
IJV
| continued part of
sigamoid sinus
189
IJV
| beginning part
superior bulb
190
IJV
| accompanies
Internal Carotid Artery
Vagus N
(within carotid sheath)
191
Where does the IJV merge with the subclavian v.?
sternal end of the clavicle to form brachiocephalic v.
192
What is the end portion of the IJV known as?
inferior bulb
193
IJV
| tributaries (7)
```
Inferior petrosal sinus
facial v
lingual v
pharyngeal v
superior thyroid v
middle thyroid v
occipital v
```
194
Facial v.
| may recieve from (4)
superior thyroid v
lingual v
retromandibular v
anterior jugular
195
pharyngeal v.
| begins
pharyngeal plexus of pharyngeal muscles
196
Anterior triangle
| nerves (4)
Transverse cervical n (C2,3)
Hypoglossal n (CN XII)
Branches of glossopharyngeal n (CN XI)
Branches of Vagus n (CN X)
197
Transverse cervical nerve
| supplies
skin of anterior cervical region
198
Hypoglossal n
| type
motor
199
Hypoglossal n
| path
between external carotid a. and IJV----
| sends out a nerve called superior root of ansa cervicalis (this nerve is truely a branch from cervical plexus)
200
Hypoglossal n.
| supplies
all intrinsic muscles and most extrinsic muscles except one (palatoglossus)
201
muscles of the tongue
| general
intrinsic
| extrinsic
202
extrinsic muscles of tongue
genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
203
intrinsic muscles of the tongue
sup. longitudinal muscle
inf. longitudinal muscle
transverse m
verticle m
204
What muscle does the hypoglossal nerve not innervate?
palatoglossus
205
Branches of glossopharyngeal
| location
submandibular triangle
| carotid triangle
206
Branches of glossopharyngeal
| supplies
tongue
| pharynx
207
branches of vagus n.
| location
submandibular triangle
| carotid triangle
208
branches of vagus n.
| branches
pharyngeal
laryngeal
cardiac
209
deep structures of neck
| 2
prevertebral muscles
| root of the neck
210
prevertebral muscles
| location
posterior to the cervical viscera
| anterolateral to the cervical vertebra column
211
root of the neck
| location
cervical side of the superior thoracic aperture
212
What fascia covers prevertebral muscles?
prevertebral layer of DCF
213
prevertebral muscles
| groups
anterior vertebral muscles
| lateral vertebral muscles
214
anterior vertebral muscles
| 4
longus colli
longus capitus
rectus capitus anterior
anterior scalene
215
Where are the anterior vertebral muscles located in reference to the retropharyngeal space?
directly posterior
216
What structures make up the neurovascular plane?
cervical plaexus
brachial plexus
subclavian artery
217
Lateral Vertebral Muscles
| 5
```
rectus capitus lateralis
splenius capitus
levator scapulae
middle scalene
posterior scalene
```
218
Where are the lateral vertebral muscles located in reference to the neurovascular plane?
posterior
219
Superior Thoracic Aperture
| formation
1st pair of ribs and their costal carilages
manubrium
body of T1
220
Arteries of the root of the neck
| 7
```
Brachiocephalic trunk
Subclavian aa
Vertebral a
internal thoracic artery
thyrocervical trunk
costocervical a
dorsal scapular a
```
221
Brachiocephalic Trunk
largest branch of aorta
| located behind manubrium
222
Brachiocephalic Trunk
| path
manubrium----sternoclavicular joint---divides into right subclavian and right common carotid
223
left subclavian
| origin
aorta
224
Both subclavian arteries begin at what structure?
Sternoclavicular joint
225
subclavian a.
| path after SC joint
arch superior and lateral----
pass behind anterior scalene mm---
disappear posterior to the middle of the clavicles
226
Where does subclavian a. become the axillary a?
at the outer edge of the first rib
227
3 parts of subclavian a.
1st- middle to ant. scalene
2nd-posterior to ant. scalene
3rd-lateral to ant. scalene
228
subclavian a.
| supplies
upper limbs
| some branches to neck and brain
229
subclavian a.
branches
(5)
```
vertebral a
thyrocervical a
internal thoracic a
costocervical trunk
dorsal scapular a. (70%)
```
230
Vertebral a.
| origin
1st part of subclavian a
231
5% of people vertebral artery origin
aorta
232
vertebral a.
| 4 parts
cervical part
vertebral part
suboccipital part
cranial part
233
Cervical part of vertebral a.
| path
superior between scalene and longus muscles---
234
vertebra part of vertebral a.
| path
through transverse foramina of C6-C1
235
suboccipital part of vertebral a.
| path
over the groove on posterior arch of C1----
| enters the cranial cavity through foramen magnum
236
Cranial part of vertebral a.
| supplies
branches to spinal cord
medulla oblongata
part of cerebellum
dura of posterior cranial fossa
237
Joining of two vertebral arteries
| name and location
basilar a.
| inferior border of the pons
238
internal thoracic artery
| origin
1st part of subclavian
239
Thyrocervical trunk
| origin
1st part of subclavian
| near anterior border of the anterior scalene muscle
240
Thyrocervical trunk
| branches
suprascapular a
inferior thyroid a
transverse cervical a. (cervicodorsal trunk)
SIT
241
Inferior thyroid a.
| branch
ascending cervical a. to upper neck
242
Suprascapular a.
| path
posterior of scapula
| supplies muscles
243
Transverse a.
| supplies
lateral region of the neck
| trapezius
244
Costocervical a.
| origin
posterior of 2nd part of subclavian a
245
Costocervical a
| divides into
superior intercostal a. (two first intercostal spaces)
| deep cervical a. (deep cervical muscles)
246
Dorsal Scapular artery
| origin
70% 3rd part of subclavian
| 30% transverse cervical a.
247
Dorsal Scapular artery
| path
through the trunks of brachial plexus---
| deep to levator scapulae m and rhomboid
248
Dorsal Scapular artery
| extra activities
participation in arterial anastomses around scapula
249
Veins of root of neck
EJV
| Subclavian v
250
EJV collects blood from
scalp and face
251
Subclavian v
| origin
from axillary vein at outer border of first rib
252
subclavian v
| ending
unites with IJV to form brachiocephalic v
253
What seperates the Subclavian v and artery?
anterior scalene muscle
254
venous angle
the corner made where IJV and Subclavian v meet
255
Where does the thoracic duct and right lymphatic trunk drain lymph into venous circulation?
venous angle
256
Major nerves of the root of the neck
| 3
vagus n
phrenis n
sympathertic trunk
257
vagus n
| exit cranium
jugular foramen---into carotid sheath
258
Right vagus
| path
inferiorward between 1st part of subclavian and brachiocephalic v at the right SC joint---enters thorax
259
Left vagus n
| path
inferiorward between left common carotid and subclavian---behind the left brachiocephalic vein at posterior of left SC joint
260
Important branches of vagus n
| 2
recurrent laryngeal
| cardiac branches of vagus
261
Right Recurrent laryngeal nn
| path
loops inferior to the right subclavian a.
| AT T1-T2
262
Left recurrent laryngeal n
| path
Loops inferior to the arch of the aorta
| AT T4-T5
263
Where do both recurrent laryngeal nn loop back to?
tracheoesophogeal groove
264
recurrent laryngeal nn
| supplies
trachea
esophagus
all muscles of larynx except
CRICOTHYROID m.
265
Cardiac branches of vagus
| branches
superior cervical cardiac n
| inferior cervical cardiac n
266
Phrenic n.
| formed
at lateral borders of anterior scalene
| C3-C5
267
Phrenic n
| path
inferiorward, anterior to anterior scalene muscle---
between subclavian artery and v----
enters thoracic cavity and goes to diaphragm
268
Anterolateral to the vertebral column
| Trunk
cervical portion of sympathetic trunk
269
What does the cervical portion of the sympathertic trunk not accept?
white communicating branches in the neck
270
Cervical sympathetic trunk
| ganglions
Inferior cervical ganglion
middle cervicle ganglion
superior cevical ganglion
271
Inferior cervical ganglion
| location
at C7 TP
272
80% of people ganglion
Inferior cervical ganglion fuses with 1st thoracic ganglion to form cervicothoracic ganglion (stellate ganglion)
273
stellate ganglion AKA
cervicothoracic ganglion
274
inferior cervical ganglion
| branch to heart
inferior cervical cardiac n
| cardiaopulmonary splanchnic n
275
middle cervical ganglion
| location
TP of C6
276
middle cervical ganglion
| branch to heart
middle cervical cardiac n
| cardiaopulmonary splanchnic n
277
Superior cervical ganglion
| location
TP of C1 C2
278
Superior cervical ganglion
| size
largest
279
Superior cervical ganglion
| branch to heart
superior cervical cardiac n.
| cardiaopulmonary splanchnic n
280
Viscera of the Neck
| layers (3)
1. endocrine layer: includes thyroid glands and parathyroid glands
2. respitory layer: includes larynxs and trachea
3. alimentary layer: includes pharynx and esophagus
281
Endocrine layer of the Cervical Viscera
| hormones produced
1. thyroid hormone
2. calcitonin
3. parathomone
282
Thyroid Hormone
controls speed of metabolism
| overproduction during puberty, the body will mature too quickly
283
Calcitonin
controls calcium metabolism
284
Parathomone
Parathyroid produced
| controls phosphorus and calcium metabolism
285
Thyroid gland
| location
before the larynx and trachea
| deep to sternothyroid and sternohyoid mm
286
Thyroid gland
| level vertebrae
C5-T1
287
Thyroid Gland
| features
2 lobes
| 1 isthmus
288
Thyroid Gland
| height of isthmus
opposite the second and third tracheal rings
289
Thyroid Gland
| surronded by
fibrous capsule
290
Thyroid Gland
Fibrous Capsule
gives rise to
visceral portion of the pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia
291
Thyroid Gland
| Arteries
superior thyroid a
| inferior thyroid a.
292
What do the arteries to the thyroid gland go between?
2 layers of fascia:
1. fibrous capsule
2. visceral portion of DCF
293
Superior Thyroid Artery
| origin
ECA
294
Superior Thyroid Artery
| branches
anterior
| posterior
295
Inferior Thyroid Artery
| origin
Thyrocervical trunk
296
Inferior Thyroid Artery
| supplies
posterior inferior of thyroid gland
297
What anastamosis inside the thyroid gland?
superior and inferior thyroid artery
298
What could also be said about this anastomosis?
it is an anastomosis of carotid and subclavian artery
299
Thyroid Gland
| Veins
Superior
inferior
middle (Thyroid veins)
300
Superior Thyroid Vein
| accompany and drains into
Superior thyroid artery
| drains superior portion of gland to IJV
301
Middle thyroid vein
| accompanies and drains
inferior thyroid artery
| drains middle part of gland to IJV
302
inferior thyroid vein
| accompany and drains
no accompany
| drains inferior pole of gland to brachiocephalic vein
303
What forms the interlobar connective tissue of thyroid gland?
fibrous capsule
304
What collects all the lymph from the thyroid gland?
superior deep cervical lymph nodes
| inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
305
Where do the nerves for the thyroid gland come from?
superior
inferior
middle (cervical sympathetic ganglion)
306
How do these nerves reach the thyroid gland?
through the arteries including superior and inferior thyroid arteries
307
What are the nerves of the thyroid gland called?
superior and inferior thyroid prearterial plexuses
308
What do the nerves of the thyroid gland do?
constrict the blood vessles of the thyroid
| vasomotor nn
309
Why are the nerves of the thyroid important?
because the hormones sent by the thyroid need to be regulated
310
Parathyroid Gland
| divisions
L/R superior
| L/R inferior parathyroid glands
311
Parathyroid Gland
| location
in the posterior of the L/R lobes
outside the fibrous capsule of thyroid gland
(inside their sheath)
312
Superior parathyroid glands
| specfic location
1 cm higher than entry of inferior thyroid artery
313
Inferior Parathyroid glands
| specific location
1 cm lower than entry of inferior thyroid artery
314
Can people have variations involving more or less parathyroid glands?
yes
315
Parathyroid Glands
| Arterial supply
inferior thyroid artery
superior thyroid artery
arteries from trachea and esophagus
316
Parathyroid gland
| lymph
deep cervical lymph nodes
317
Respitory Layer of Cervical Visera
| parts
larynx
| trachea
318
Respitory Layer of Cervical Visera
| functions
taking and passing air to the lungs
| producing sound for voice
319
Larynx
| function
can produce voice (voice box)
| protects the airway
320
Larynx
| Location
anterior of the neck
at vertebral level C3-C6
connects with trachea
321
Larynx
| Skeleton (Soft)
consists of nine cartiladges
322
Larynx
| singular cartilages
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottis
323
Larynx
| paired cartilages
arytenoid cartilage
corniculate cartilage
cuneiform cartilage
324
Larynx
| very small embedded cartilage
cuneiform
325
Larynx
Thyroid Cartilage
vertebral level
at vertebral level C4-C5
326
Larynx
Thyroid Cartilage
parts
```
lamina
laryngeal prominence (adam's apple)
thyroid notch
superior cornu (superior horn)
inferior cornu (inferior horn)
thyrohyoid membrane
cricothyroid joint
```
327
Where is the thyrohyoid membrane?
between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
328
Where is the cricothyroid joint?
at the articulation between inferior horn (cornu) and cricoid catilage
329
Larynx
Cricoid Cartilage
shape
ring-shaped
330
Larynx
Cricoid Cartilage
parts
lamina
| arch
331
Larynx
Cricoid Cartilage
ligaments
median cricothyroid ligament
lateral cricothyroid ligament
cricotracheal ligament
332
What do the medial and lateral cricothyroid ligaments connect?
thyroid and cricoid cartilages
333
What does the cricotracheal ligament connect?
cricoid cartilage with first tracheal ring
334
Where id the place to puncture in the case of an emergency blockage?
cricotracheal ligament
| close to skin
335
Larynx
Arytenoid Cartilage
shape
pyramidal
336
Larynx
Arytenoid Cartilage
processes
vocal process
| muscular process
337
What is the joint between arytenoid and cricoid cartilage?
cricoarytenoid joints
338
Where does sliding and rotating occur in the cricoarytenoid joints?
superior border
339
Larynx
Arytenoid Cartilage
elastic ligament
vocal ligament
340
Vocal ligament
| location
extending from back of thyroid cartilage to vocal process
341
Where is the conus elasticus?
between the vocal ligament and lateral cricothyroid ligament
342
Conus elasticus is a _______?
membrane
343
Larynx
Epiglottis
location
posterior to the root of the tongue
344
Larynx
Epiglottis
Stalk connects?
epiglottis to thyroid cartilage
345
Larynx
Epiglottis
ligament connects?
epiglottis to hyoid bone
346
Larynx
Epiglottis
membrane
quadrangular membrane
347
quadrangular membrane
| location
between lateral side of arytenoid cartilage and
| lateral side of epiglottic cartilage
348
quadrangular membrane
| extension connection
extends into cavity of larynx to connect with vestibular ligament
349
quadrangular membrane
| embedded in
mucosa
350
What is embedded in the quadrangular membrane mucosa?
Vocal ligament
351
What is the edge between the epiglottis and vestibular fold?
aryepiglottic fold
352
Corniculate cartilage
| defining feature
it is small
353
Cuneform cartilage
| embedded where
in the edge of aryepiglottic fold and by the side of the corniculate cartilage
354
Interior cavity of the larynx
| location
from the inlet of the larynx to the inferior border of cricoid cartilage
355
What is the opening of the larynx?
Inlet
356
What is located behind the inlet of the larynx?
laryngopharynx
357
What continues with the larynx?
trachea
358
What is found in the cavity of the larynx?
```
Vestibular fold
vocal fold
laryngeal vestibule
laryngeal ventricle
infraglottic cavity
```
359
vestibular fold
| function
to protect the vocal fold
360
What is found between the two vestibular folds?
an opening---rima vestibuli
361
What ligament is found in the vestibular fold?
vestibular ligament
362
Vocal Fold
| ligament
vocal ligament
363
Vocal Fold
| fine muscle
vocalis muscle
364
What is found between the two vocal folds?
aperture- rima glottidis
365
Vocal fold
| controls
sound production
366
vocal fold and rima glottidis
| common name
glottis
367
Laryngeal vestibule
| locaton
above vestibular fold
368
Laryngeal Ventricle
| location
between vestibular fold and vocal fold
369
Infraglottic cavity
| location
under the vocal fold
370
Laryngeal muscle
| extrinsic
suprahyoid elevate larynx
| infrahyoid depress larynx
371
Laryngeal muscles
intrinsic muscles
function
adjusting the length and tension of the vocal ligament and changing the shape of the rima glottidis
372
Laryngeal muscles
intrinsic muscles
movements
abduction or adduction
| tension or relaxation
373
Laryngeal muscles
intrinsic muscles
(9) TACT PLOT V
Thyroepiglotticus m
Aryepiglottic m
Cricothyroid m
Thyroarytenoid m
Posterior cricoarytenoid m.
Lateral cricoarytenoid m.
Oblique arytenoid m
Transverse arytenoid m.
Vocalis (aryvocalis) m
374
Laryngeal muscles
intrinsic muscles
Abduction and adduction
Posterior cricoarytenoid m -opening rima glottidis
| Lateral cricoarytenoid m.- closes rima glottidis
375
Laryngeal muscles
intrinsic muscles
tension and relaxation
Cricothyroid m.-tension vocal ligament
| thyroarytenoid m.- relaxing vocal ligament
376
Laryngeal muscles
| arteries
superior thyroid artery-sup. laryngeal a
| inferior thyroid artery- inf. laryngeal a
377
Laryngeal muscles
superior laryngeal artery
penetration and supply
thyrohyoid membrane
| supplies internal surface of larynx
378
Laryngeal muscles
inferior laryngeal a.
supplies
internal surface and muscles of the inferior larynx
379
Larynx
| lymph
superior and inferior deep cervical nodes
380
Larynx
| Nerves
Vagus-----
superior laryngeal n.
recurrent laryngeal n.
381
Superior laryngeal n.
| divides into
internal laryngeal n.
| external laryngeal n.
382
Internal Laryngeal n.
| path
pierces through thyrohyoid membrane w/
| superior laryngeal a.
383
Internal Laryngeal n.
| supplies
mucosa of vocal fold and above by sensory fiber
384
External laryngeal n.
| path and supplies
w/ superior thyroid a.to supply cricothyroid m.
385
What does the recurrent laryngeal n. become?
inferior laryngeal n.
386
The inferior laryngeal n. branches into?
anterior branch
| posterior branch
387
Anterior branch of inferior laryngeal
| supplies
```
cricothyroid m.
thyroarytenoid m.
vocalis m.
aryepiglottic m.
thyroepiglottic m.
```
388
Posterior branch of inferior laryngeal
| supplies
posterior cricoarytenoid m
| transverse and oblique arytenoid mm
389
Damage to the larygeal nerves results in _____ or _____.
lower intensity or lost voice
390
What composes the trachea?
cartilage and fibers
| consisting of incomplete trachea rings
391
What is the function of the tracheal rings?
to keep the trachea's shape and prevent collapse
392
What closes the back of the trachea?
smooth muscles
393
Trachea
| location
located in the neck
| continues with larynx at C6
394
Trachea
| lower structures
left and right bronchi
395
Trachea
| continues with bronchi at
T4-T5 disc
396
Trachea
| posterior
esopagus
397
Trachea
| Anterior
ismus of thyroid
398
Trachea
| two sides
lobe of thyroid and common carotid a.
399
Trachea
| function
passing air to lungs
| expelling dirty mucus out of body
400
Alimmentary layer of Cervical Viscera
| Structures
Pharynx
401
Pharynx
| boundaries
Sup.-cranial base
Inf.- continued with esophagus at the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
Anterior-nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx
Posterior-prevertebral layer of DCF
402
Pharynx
| widest place
hyoid bone
403
Pharynx
| narrowest
inferior end
404
Pharynx
Interior
parts
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
405
Nasopharynx
| location
posterior to nose and superior to palate
406
Oropharynx
| location
posterior to mouth
407
Laryngopharynx
| location
posterior to the larynx
408
Nasopharynx
| function
respiratory
409
Nasopharynx
| boundaries
Roof-sphenoid bone and basilar part of occipital
Ant.- choanae
Inf.-Soft palate
Posterior-posterior wall of pharynx
410
Nasopharynx
| abundant lymph tissue on the posterior wall=
pharyngeal tonsil
411
Nasopharynx
| opening on posterior wall
opening of the pharyngotympanic tube
412
Nasopharynx
| What is found around the opening on the posterior wall?
torus of the pharyngotymapanic tube (torus tubarius)
413
Nasopharynx
| extension of torus of opening on posterior wall
salpingopharyngeal fold
414
Nasopharynx
| What is found in the mucosa of the salpingopharyngeal fold?
salpingpharyngeal m
415
What is found posterior to the torus of the pharyngotympanic tube?
pharyngeal recess
416
Oropharynx
| functions
respiratory
| digestive
417
Oropharynx
| boundaries
Sup.-soft palate
Inf.-tongue and superior edge of epiglottis
Lateral-palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch, palatine tonsils
Anterior-mouth
Posterior- posterior wall
418
Laryngopharynx
boundaries
Superior
superior edge of epiglottis and pharyngoepiglottic folds
419
Laryngopharynx
boundaries
Inferior
at the level of inferior border of cricoid cartilage
420
Laryngopharynx
boundaries
Anterior
the inlet of larynx
421
Laryngopharynx
boundaries
Posterior
posterior wall opposite to C4-C6 vertebrae
422
What is found on each side of the inlet of the larynx?
Piriform fossa
423
The internal laryngeal n. and recurrent laryngeal n. are deep to the mucosa, where?
Piriform fossa
424
If fish bones pierce the piriform fossa what nerves will be injured?
Internal laryngeal n.
| recurrent laryngeal n.
425
Are muscles of the pharynx voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
426
The external muscles of the pharynx are arranged _____?
circularly
427
The internal muscles of the pharynx are arranged ______?
longitudinally
428
Pharynx
| external muscles
Superior pharyngeal constrictor m.
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
429
Pharynx
| internal muscles
palatopharyngeus m.
stylopharyngeus m.
salpingopharyngeus m.
430
What is the function of the muscles of the pharynx?
elevate and
constrict the pharynx
during swallowing and speaking
431
What fascia surrounds the muscles of the pharynx?
pharyngobasilar fascia-connecting from cranial base
| Buccopharyngeal fascia- we know haha
432
How many overlappings of pharyngeal constrictor mm?
four
433
1st pharyngeal muscle gap
| location
between cranium and superior constrictor m.
434
1st pharyngeal muscle gap
| what passes through
levator veli palatine m.
pharyngotympanic tube
ascending palatine a
435
2nd pharyngeal muscle gap
| location
between the superior and middle constrictor m.
436
2nd pharyngeal muscle gap
| what passes through
stylopharyngeus m
stylohyoid ligament
glossopharyngeal n.
437
3rd pharyngeal muscle gap
| location
between middle and inferior cnstrictor m.
438
3rd pharyngeal muscle gap
| what passes through
internal laryngeal n.
| superior laryngeal a.
439
4th pharyngeal muscle gap
| location
under inferior constrictor
440
4th pharyngeal muscle gap
| what passes here
recurrent laryngeal n.
| inferior laryngeal a.
441
Pharynx
| blood supply
Tonsil a.
| from carotid
442
Pharynx
| lymph
pharyngeal tonsilar ring
1. palatine tonsils
2. lingual tonsils
3. pharynx tonsils
443
Pharynx
| lymph drainage
mandibular lymph nodes and jugulodigastric nodes
444
Pharyngeal plexus
| parts (3)
vagus n
glossopharyngeal n.
sympathetic n. from superior cervical ganglion
445
Pharyngeal plexus
| location
on superior pharyngeal constrictor m.
446
All muscles of the pharynx recieve motor innervation from the ______?
(1 exception)
Vagus
447
The stylopharyngeus m. recieves motor innervation from what n.?
glossopharyngeal
448
Where does sensory innervation of the pharynx come from?
glossopharyngeal
| some maxillary
449
Esophagus
| voluntary striated
superior third
450
Esophagus
| voluntary/ involuntary
middle third
451
Esophagus
| involuntary/ smooth
inferior third
452
Esophagus-superior third
Boundaries
Superior vertebral level
C6
453
Esophagus-superior third
Boundaries
Inferior
superior border of manubrium
454
Esophagus-superior third
Boundaries
Anterior
trachea
455
Esophagus-superior third
Boundaries
Posterior
cervical vertebral column
456
Esophagus-superior third
Boundaries
Left and Right side
thyroid gland and carotid sheath
457
Esophagus-superior third
| blood supply
branches of inferior thyroid a.
458
Esophagus-superior third
| lymph drainage
deep cervical lymph nodes
459
Esophagus-superior third
| Nerve supply
recurrent laryngeal n.
| sympathetic from plexus around inferior thyroid a.
460
Largest cranial n.
trigeminal-CN5
461
Trigeminal n. CN5
| origin
lateral sides of pons
462
Trigeminal n. CN5
| mostly what kind of fibers
sensory (large root)
463
Trigeminal n. CN5
| flattened ganglion location
trigeminal impression----
| lateral to cavernous sinus
464
Trigeminal n. CN5
| neurons from flattened ganglion
pseudounipolar neurons-----
| peripheral processes to face
465
Trigeminal n. CN5
| branches
Opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
466
Trigeminal n. CN5
| zones of cutaneous innervation
dermatome
467
Trigeminal n. CN5
| motor root
mandibular
468
Trigeminal n. CN5
| mandibular motor supply what muscles
```
muscles of mastication
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
tensor veli palatine
tensor tympani
```
469
Trigeminal n. CN5
| has none of these fibers
presynaptic parasympathetic fibers
470
All parasympathetic ganglions are associated with
branches of the trigeminal n.
471
Opthalmic n. CN5/1
| exit cranium
superior orbital fissure
472
Opthalmic n. CN5/1
| distribution
cornea
upper conjuctiva
mucosa of anterosuperior nasal cavity
etc. page 117
473
Opthalmic n. CN5/1
| branches
```
tentorial n
lacrimal n.
frontal n.
nasociliary n.
ciliary nn. (infratrochlear, anterior and posterior ethmoid nn)
```
474
Maxillary N. CN5/2
fibers
passage
sensory
| foramen rotundum
475
Maxillary N. CN5/2
| distribution
```
dura mater or anterior middle cranial fossa
conjunctiva of inferior eyelid
mucosa of poseroinferior nasal cavity
maxillary sinus
palate
anterior of superior oral vestibule
maxillary teeth
skin of lateral external nose
inferior eyelid
anterior cheek
upper lip
```
476
Maxillary N. CN5/2
branches
A LOT of them
```
meningeal branch
zygomatic branch
zygomaticofacial branch
communicating branch with lacrimal
ganglionic branches of pterygopalatine- ganglion
posterior superior alveolar branches
superior labial
inferior palpebral
external nasal
greater palatine
posterior inferior lateral nasal
lesser palatine
posterior superior lateral nasal
pharyngeal
nasopalatine
```
477
Mandibular N CN5/3
fibers
passage
sensory and motor
| foramen ovale
478
Mandibular N CN5/3
distribution
sensory innervation:
```
mucosa of anterior 2/3 of tongue
floor of mouth
posterior and anterior oral vestibule
mandibular teeth
skin of lower lip
buccal region
temporal region
external ear
```
479
Mandibular N CN5/3
branches
sensory
```
meningeal branch
buccal n.
auricotemporal n.
lingual n.
inferior alveolar n.
inferior dental plexus
mental n
```
480
Mandibular N CN5/3
branches
motor
```
masseter n
temporal n
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric n
tensor tympani n
tensor veli palatine n
```
481
Facial N. CN7
| origin
inferior border of pons
482
Facial N. CN7
| cranial route
internal acoustic meatus---
| facial canal
483
Facial N. CN7
| passage
stylomastoid foramen
484
Facial N. CN7
| penetrates
parotid gland----
| to form parotid nerve plexus
485
Facial N. CN7
| fibers (components) (4)
1. Branchial (sp?) (special visceral efferent)
2. Visceral motor (general visceral)
3. Special sensory (special visceral)
4. General sensory (general somatic)
486
Facial N. CN7
Branchial motor fiber
innervates
striated muscles from pharyngeal arches
487
Facial N. CN7
Visceral motor fiber
innervates
smooth muscles and glands
488
Facial N. CN7
Special sensory
innervate
taste and smell mucosa
489
Facial N. CN7
General sensory
innervate
skin and general mucosa
490
Facial N. CN7
Branchial motor fiber
origin
branchiomotor nucleus
491
Facial N. CN7
Visceral motor fiber
origin
superior salivary nucleus
492
Facial N. CN7
Special sensory
origin
solitary tract nucleus
493
Facial N. CN7
General sensory
origin
spinal nucleus of trigeminal
494
Facial N. CN7
Branchial motor fiber
branch destination
```
stapedius m
posterior belly of digastric m
sylohyoid m
scalp m
facial m
```
495
Facial N. CN7
Visceral motor fiber
branch destination
lacrimal glands
submandibular gland
sublingual gland
496
Facial N. CN7
Visceral motor fiber
branches
```
intermediate n
greater petrosal n.
lesser petrosal n.
tympanic plexus
chorda tympani
```
497
Facial N. CN7
Visceral motor fiber
presynaptic parasympathetic
intermediate n.
greater petrosal n
chorda tympani
498
Facial N. CN7
Visceral motor fiber
greater petrosal ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion
499
Facial N. CN7
Visceral motor fiber
chorda tympani ganglion
submandibular ganglion
500
Facial N. CN7
Special sensory
destination
anterior 2/3 of tongue
| soft palate
501
Facial N. CN7
Special sensory
first path
intermediate n.
502
Facial N. CN7
Special sensory
ganglion
geniculate ganglion
503
Facial N. CN7
Special sensory
path after ganglion
chorda tympani---
lingual n---
ant. 2/3 of tongue and soft palate
504
Facial N. CN7
General sensory
destination
skin of the external acoustic meatus
505
Facial N. CN7
| segments (4)---path
labyrinthine segment-internal acoustic meatus
geneculate segment- in canal, between the 1 and 3
tympanic segment-in canal, close to tympanic cavity, passes by medial wall of this cavity
mastoid segment- in canal, passes mastoid process
506
Facial N. CN7
| laceration or contusion results in
paralysis of facial muscles
507
Facial N. CN7
| temporal bone fracture could result in
increased sensitivity to noise
dry mouth and cornea
loss of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue
(in addition to paralysis of facial muscles)
508
Facial N. CN7
temporal bone fracture could result in
why sensitivity to noise?
damage to stepedius m. nerve
509
Facial N. CN7
| roots
motor
| intermediate
510
Facial N. CN7
greater petrosal n.
arises from
geniculum
511
Facial N. CN7
greater petrosal n.
accepts what nerve, then becomes what n.?
accepts- deep petrosal n.
| becomes- n. of the pterygoid canal
512
Facial N. CN7
greater petrosal n.
ganglion and distribution
pterygopalatine ganglion
lacrimal gland
glands of nose an palate
513
Facial N. CN7
stapedius n
destination
stapedius m.
514
Facial N. CN7
chorda tympani
path
```
into tympanic cavity---
across melleus bone---
exits from petrotympanic fascia-----
into infratemporal fossa---
joins lingual n---
some fibers to anterior 2/3 of tongue---
some fibers to submandibular ganglion and on to glands
```
515
Pharyngeal Apparatus
| gill=
structure of fetus, brachial apparatus
516
Humans don't develop gills so brachial plexus is instead known as
pharyngeal apparatus
517
Why is pharyngeal appartaus not a good name?
doesn't include all organs of face and neck
518
Pharyngeal apparatus includes what structures?
most head and neck organs
| not the brain or eye
519
What is a deformation?
abnormalities originating from something wrong in the embryo or fetus
520
Embryo stage
| 4 parts
pharyngeal arches
pharyngeal pouches
pharyngeal grooves
pharyngeal membranes
521
Pharyngeal Arches
| begin
in fourth week
| when neural crest cells move into head and neck area
522
Pharyngeal Arches
| number of arches
4
523
Pharyngeal Arches
| components
aortic arch
cartilaginous rod
muscular component
nerve
524
Pharyngeal Arches
| components become what
aortic arch-blood vessels
cartilaginous rod-skeleton
muscular component-muscles
nerve-nerve to mucosa and muscles
525
Pharyngeal Pouches
| first pouch develops into what
tympanic cavity
| pharyngotympanic tube
526
Pharyngeal Pouches
| second pouch develops into what
tonsilar fossa
527
Pharyngeal Pouches
| third pouch develops into what
inferior parathyroid gland and thymus
528
Pharyngeal Pouches
| fourth pouch develops into what
superior parathyroid gland
529
Pharyngeal Pouches
| What continues to develop after birth?
thymus
| becomes small when teenaged
530
Pharyngeal Grooves
| first groove becomes
external acoustic meatus
| after birth
531
Pharyngeal Pouches
| other 3 grooves combined
cervical sinus and later become cervical vesicle
532
Pharyngeal Pouches
| What happens if the sinus or vesicle does not close and disappear?
A small sinus eill be seen on neck skin
533
Pharyngeal membranes
| location
between endoderm and extoderm (mesenchyme)
534
Pharyngeal membranes
| limited to
first groove and pouch
535
Pharyngeal membranes
| becomes
tympanic membrane
536
Development of cranium
| 3 stages
fetus cranium
new born cranium
postnatal growth of cranium
537
Fetus cranium
| developed from
mesenchyme of brain
538
Fetus cranium
| four parts
cartilaginous neurocranium
membranous neurocranium
cartilaginous vscerocranium
membarnous viscerocranium
539
cartilaginous neurocranium
| beginning
6th week
540
cartilaginous neurocranium
| two kinds of cartilage
parachrodial cartilages
| hypophysial cartilage
541
When the fetus is born cartilaginous neurocranium becomes?
Part of occipital bone
petrous and mastoid part of the temporal bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone
542
Membranous neurocranium
| becomes
calveria
frontal bone
parietal bone
part of occipital
543
Membranous neurocranium
| membranes---temporally not ossificated
frontanelles (keep until 1-2 years)
544
Membranous neurocranium
| membranes purpose
to help head of fetus through passage during birth
545
Membranous neurocranium
| movable change in the cranium is known as
molding
546
Membranous neurocranium
| problems with fusing
craniosynostosis
547
Membranous neurocranium
| problems with fusing include these conditions (4)
Scaphocephaly
Oxycephaly
Plagiocephaly
Trigonocephaly
548
What is the cause of all the fusing abnormalities listed?
premature closure of the cranial suture
| before birth
549
Cartilaginous viscerocranium
| develop into
```
malleus
Incus
Stapes
Styloid process
Lesser horn of hyoid
Superior part of hyoid
Greater horn of hyoid
Inferior part of hyoid
laryngeal cartilage except epiglottis
```
550
Membranous viscerocranium
squamous part of temporal bone
maxillary bone
zygomatic bone
mandible bone
551
New Born Cranium
| has no
sinuses
552
Postnatal Growth of Cranium
| permit brain development
fibrous sutures
553
Postnatal Growth of Cranium
| fastest development
first two years
554
Postnatal Growth of Cranium
| sinuses begin growth
after teenage years???
