neuro 2 midterm Flashcards
1
Q
CN 1
terminates in
A
olfactory bulb
2
Q
CN 1
fibers
A
SSA
3
Q
CN 2
terminates in
A
hypothalamus
4
Q
CN 2
fibers
A
SSA
5
Q
CN 3
innervates
A
sup/med/inf rectus and inf oblique
6
Q
CN 3
fibers
A
GVE & GSE
7
Q
CN 4
innervates
A
superior oblique
8
Q
CN 4
special
A
right controls left muscle and vice versa
9
Q
CN 4
fibers
A
GSE
10
Q
Mesencephalic nerves
A
CN 3 & 4
11
Q
Metencephalic nerves
A
CN 5, 6, 7, 8
12
Q
Mylencephalic nerves
A
CN 9, 10, 11, 12
13
Q
CN 5
sensory ganglion
A
semilunar
14
Q
CN 5
fibers
A
GSA & SVE
15
Q
CN 6
innervates
A
lateral rectus
16
Q
CN 6
fibers
A
GSE
17
Q
CN 7
from & sensory ganglion
A
facial nucleus (pons) geniculate ganglion
18
Q
CN 7
fibers
A
GVE & SVA & SVE
19
Q
CN 8
2 nerves
A
vestibular & cochlear
20
Q
CN 8
cell bodies
A
bipolar
21
Q
CN 8
fibers
A
SSA
22
Q
CN 8 # of vestibular ganglia
A
2
23
Q
CN 8 # of cochlear ganglia
A
1
24
Q
CN 9
from & innervates
A
inferior salivatory nucleus
parotid gland
25
CN 9
| fibers
GVE & SVA
26
CN 10
| from
dorsal motor nucleus of 10 to guts
nucleus ambiguus to heart
27
CN 10
| temporarily joined by
cranial portion of CN 11
28
CN 10 fibers
GVE + SVA + GVA
29
CN 11
| divisions and destinations
cranial----pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus
spinal----- trapezius, SCM
30
CN 11
| cranial part AKA after union with ten
recurrent laryngeal
31
CN 11
| origin of divisions
cranial----nucleus ambiguus
spinal----laminae 9 of C1-4
32
CN 12
| from and destination
hypoglossal nucleus
tongue
33
CN 12
| fibers
GSE
34
CN 9, 10, 11
| exit from
jugular foreamen
35
Does CN 1 have any ganglion cells?
no
36
HOw many axons per side does CN 1 contain?
5 million
37
How many axons does CN 2 have per side?
900k-1.2 million
38
How many axons does CN 8 have per side?
70k
39
Semilunar ganglion AKA
gasser/ trigeminal
40
Sup vestibular + inf vestibular AKA
ganglion of Scarpa
41
CN 9 superior ganglion AKA
jugular
42
CN 9 inferior ganglion AKA
petrosal
43
CN 10 superior ganglion
jugular
44
CN 10 inferior ganglion AKA
nodose
45
CN 8 cochlear ganglion AKA
spiral
46
decussation
crossing over of axons up and down
47
commissure
crossing over of axons left to right
48
Corticospinal tract
| AKA
pyramidal
49
Corticospinal tract
| axons per side
1 million
50
Corticospinal tract
| axons are from
pyramidal cells
51
Corticospinal tract
| axons clump together to form
medullary pyramid
52
Corticospinal tract
| criss-cross before spinal cord
pyramidal decussation
53
DCs name and meaning of DC
name-fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus
| meaning- dorsal columns
54
fasiculus is a group of axons between a _________ and a _______ (in terms of compactness)
bundle and tract
55
DCNs name and meaning of DCN
name- nuclei gracilis and cuneatus
meaning- Dorsal Column Nuclei
56
DCNs
| what terminates and synapses
the DCs
57
nucleus of tractus solitarius
| divisions (general)
superior
middle
inferior
58
Inferior olive
| cell bodies
(gray matter)
59
Inferior olive
| afferents
1 ML
2 Spinal olivary tract
3 Trigeminal-Olivary tract
60
Inferior olive
| efferents
1. olivocerebeller tract
61
Inferior olive
| surrounded by
amiculum oliva
62
Inferior olive
| ML sensation sensed
discrimination touch
pressure
proprioception
FROM BODY
63
Inferior olive
Spinal-olivary tract
brings in what sensation
pain
temperature
light touch
FROM BODY
64
Inferior olive
| trigeminal-olivary tract
all types of reception
| FROM FACE
65
Inferior olive
olivocerebellar tract
travels via
inferior cerebellar pedunkle
66
Inferior olive
| is a _______ ______ _______ to the cerebellum
somatic sensory relay
67
What are the cell bodies of the DCs?
the DRG of C1-T6
68
Where do the DCs occupy?
dorsal funiculus
69
Fasiculus gracilis
| shape
slender, and medial
70
Fasiculus cuneatus
| shape
wedge, more lateral w/ more axons
71
What do the DCs become superiorly?
DCNs
72
What do the DCNs become superiorly?
Medial Lemniscus
73
Where are the DCNs found?
inferior medulla
74
Where does the ML descussation happen?
midline inferior to inferior olive
75
nucleus of tractus solitarius
| gustatory nucleus location and afferents
superior
1 geniculate
2 petrosal
3 nodose
76
nucleus of tractus solitarius
| gustatory nucleus fibers
SVA
77
nucleus of tractus solitarius
| middle part contents (nuclei)
dorsal respiratory nucleus
| baroreceptor nucleus
78
nucleus of tractus solitarius
| what fibers enter the middle part and continue to the dorsal respiratory nucleus?
GVA parasympathetic fibers from the carotid bodies (CN 9) petrosal ganglion
GVA parasympathetic fibers from the Aortic Bodies (CN 10) nodose ganglion
79
2 major centers of respiratory control not in tractus solitarius
1. Nucleus parabrachialis (pons)
| 2. Pre-Boetzinger complex (medulla)
80
Nucleus parabrachialis is the
pneumotaxic center
sets interval between inhalation and exhalation
81
Pre-Boetzinger complex is the
respiratory pattern generator
neurons of phrenic nucleus (lamina 9 of C3-C5) causes contraction of diaphragm
82
nucleus of tractus solitarius
| baroreceptors
Carotid sinus
| aortic sinus
83
nucleus of tractus solitarius
| Carotid sinus and aortic sinus fibers
GVA parasympathetic
84
nucleus of tractus solitarius
| Carotid sinus axon destination
petrosal ganglion------->baroreceptor nucleus
85
nucleus of tractus solitarius
| aortic sinus destination
nodose ganglion----->baroreceptor nucleus
86
How does BP increase along this pathway?
GVE fibers from solitaryspinal tract to reach T1-L2 lateral horns----->3 cervical sympathetic ganglia------>to heart
87
nucleus of tractus solitarius
visceral nucleus
location
inferior
88
nucleus of tractus solitarius
visceral nucleus
fibers from where?
GVA from guts/ organs
| touch, pressure, distension, chemicals
89
nucleus of tractus solitarius
visceral nucleus
what detects the distension signal from the guts?
CN 10
| GVE fibers from dorsal motor nucleus of 10 to induce motility and secretions
90
the core of the brainstem =
reticular formation
91
what is the RAS?
the areas of the reticular formation that are provoked to keep you awake
92
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
| sends ___ fibers to all viscera up to the _____ _______ ______ except the heart
GVE
| left colic flexure
93
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
| uses what kind of ganglion?
intramural
94
Nucleus Ambiguus
rostral portion
fibers and destinations
SVE-CN 9------->stylopharyngeus
GVE-CN 10------->heart
95
Nucleus Ambiguus
caudal portion
fibers and destination
SVE-CN 11 cranial division------->larynx/pharynx/upper esophagus
96
Nucleus Ambiguus
central region
origin of fibers
oropharynx
| CN 5, 9, 10
97
Hypoglossal nucleus
| fibers/destination
GSE----->muscles of the tongue
98
How many vestibular nuclei?
4
99
What fibers do the vestibular nuclei recieve?
SSA from vestibular apparatus
100
What is the vestibular apparatus?
utricle +saccule +semicircular canals (3)= bony labrynth
101
What happens in the vestibular apparatus?
fluid moves around and moves hair cells, this is detected as "head position in space"
102
How many vestibular ganglia?
2
superior & inferior (Scarpa)
bipolar cells
103
How many cochlear nuclei?
3
104
What fibers do the cochlear nuclei recieve?
SSA from spiral ganglion (bipolar cells)
105
How many times do each of the 70k axons terminate in the cochlear nuclei?
3 (1 time in each nucleus)
106
Does the ventral cochlear nuclei have two parts?
yes, anterior and posterior parts
107
The facial nerve sends what fibers to the muscles of facial expression?
SVE
108
What do the axons from the facial nucleus loop around? What does this form?
1. abducens nucleus
| 2. genu of 7
109
CN 6 sends what fibers where?
GSE to lateral rectus
110
What is the largest CN?
5 trigeminal
111
What are the nuclei of CN 5?
1. Mesencephalic
2. principal (main) sensory nucleus of 5
3. motor nucleus of 5
4. spinal nucleus of 5
112
What is special about the mesencephalic nucleus of 5?
only nucleus in the brain with psudounipolar cells
113
What does the mesencephalic nucleus of 5 recieve (sensation)?
muscle stretch from jaw
114
What does the main nucleus of 5 detect?
touch (all kinds) + pressure from the face
115
What does the motor nucleus of 5 detect?
proprioception from V3 (muscle stretch from the jaw)
116
Where are the psuedounipolar cells for the motor nucleus of 5?
the mesencephalic nucleus of 5 (psuedounipolar cells)
117
Where do the fibers from the motor nucleus go?
masseter (SVE) myotatic reflex
118
The spinal tract of of 5 runs next to what?
spinal nucleus of 5
119
What does the spinal nucleus of 5 receive?
sensory (GSA)
| pain, temp, crude touch from face
120
What brings in the signals to spinal nucleus of 5?
spinal tract of 5 (trigeminal tract)
121
What are the three parts of the spinal nucleus?
1. pars oralis
2. pars interpolaris
3. pars caudalus
122
What parts of the spinal nucleus are part of the cornea blink relex?
1. interpolaris
| 2. caudalis
123
T or F
| does the trigeminal tract run the distance of the medulla?
T
124
Where does the trigeminal tract end inferiorly?
lamina 2 (S. gelatinosa)
125
What does the spinal tract carries what sensations?
pain, temperature, crude touch
126
What nucleus of 5 does not send axons to higher stations in the brain?
spinal nucleus
127
What are the four types of reflexes?
1. somatosomatic - muscle stretch
2. somatovisceral- cornea- blink reflex
3. viscerovisceral- stomach distension/ contraction
4. viscerosomatic- stomachache/ rectus abdominus contraction
128
What is the cornea blink reflex?
touch the cornea--->pars interpolaris & pars caudalis----->blinking of both eyes
129
Where is the peduculopontine nucleus found?
Upper pons
130
What is the PPN part of?
the ascending chemical pathways of the brainstem
131
The PPN sends axons where?
neocortex/ limbic system
132
The PPN regulates what?
cortical activity and REM sleep
133
The PPN releases what neurotransmitter?
ACh
134
The locus ceruleus releases what neurotransmitter?
NE
135
The dorsal raphe releases what neurotransmitter?
serotonin
136
Where are the locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe both visible in cross section?
pontomesencephalic junction
137
What is the core of the reticular formation known as?
central gray (when in pons or medulla)
138
What is the narrow waistline at the pontomesencephalic junction known as?
isthmus
139
What is the nucleus in the most ventral part of the midbrain at the midline?
interpeduncular nucleus
140
The locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe are involved in? And are involved in these processes
1. ascending chemical pathway of the brainstem
| 2. wakefulness & mood
141
How many raphe are there?
7
142
What neurotransmitter do all the raphe secrete?
serotonin
143
The inferior raphe are named what?
1. pallidus
2. magnus
3. obscurus
(collectively raphespinal tracts)
144
What do the raphespinal tracts do?
pain-gating
145
The raphespinal tract terminates in
lamina 2 (S. gelatinosa)
146
The superior raphe are named
1. dorasal raphe
| 2. pontis
147
In the same location as the PPN (upper pons) the _______ at the midbrain IC level and the _______ in the midbrain at SC?
1. trochlear nucleus
| 2. oculomotor complex
148
The red nucleus contains high what?
iron
149
The red nucleus is directly ventral to what structure?
cerebral aquaduct
150
The red nucleus has what two parts?
1. pars parvicellularis
| 2. pars magnocellularis
151
The pars magnocellularis sends axons to spinal cord via?
rubrospinal tract
152
Substantis nigra has what two parts?
1. compacta
| 2. reticularis
153
What is the extension of pars compacta known as?
ventral tegmental area
154
The VTA and pars compacta are part of what pathway?
ascending chemical pathway of the brainstem
155
What type of neurotransmitter do the pars compacta and VTA secrete?
dopamine (dopenergic)
156
The mesocortical pathway goes from where to where?
VTA---->neocortex
157
The mesolimbic pathway goes from where to where?
VTA---->limbic system (especially nuclesu acumbins)
158
Dopamine is involved in
reward/pleasure
159
Stimulation of the VTA will flood what nucleus with dopamine?
acumbens
160
Pars compacta sends axons to ______ _______ in the telencephalon
corpus striatum
161
The pathway from the pars compacta to the corpus striatum is called
nigrastriatum pathway
162
the nigrastiatum pathway is involved in
motor function
163
How many degrees does the vision field overlap?
120
164
Why do humans have 50% crossing of the optic tract axons?
The axons from the temporal retina do not cross at the chiasm
165
What are the five places the optic tract terminate?
1. Accessory optic nuclei
2. Superior colliculus
3. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
4. Lateral Geniculate nucleus
5. pre-tectal nucleus
166
All the signals going to the primary visual cortex must stop where?
LG (thalamus)
167
Optic tract axons terminating in the SC go to
striatum cinerum
168
The superficial layers of the SC send axons to
the LG----->area 17
169
The deeper layers send axons to
the pulvinar nucleus (thalamus)----->secondary visual cortex (areas 18,19)
170
The superchiasmatic nucleus is in the
hypothalamus
171
Signals from the optic tract that reach the SC nucleus eventually go to after first hitting these two stops?
terminate----pineal gland
| pass through-----lat horn T1-T2 & superior cervical ganglion
172
SC nucleus AKA
entrainer of internal clock
173
The pre-tectal nucleus is found where?
small area between the midbrain and diencephalon
174
The pre-tectal nucleus sends
parasympathetic signals to EW nucleus----->ciliary ganglion----->constrictor pupilla
175
The pre-tectal nucleus is involved in what reflex?
pupillary light reflex
176
The left and right pre-tectal nuclei are connected where?
posterior commissure
177
The pupillary light reflex is what kind of reflex?
somatovisceral
178
The pupillary light reflex has what 2 parts?
1. direct reflex-----pupil + light = constrict
| 2. consensual reflex----opposite pupil constricts due to commissure connection
179
The three most superficial layers of the Superior Colliculus are
striatum zonale
striatum cinerum
striatum opticum
180
The striatum cinerum is made of what and sends signals where?
```
cell bodies (gray matter)
sends signals to deep layers
```
181
the striatum opticum is made of what and recieves axons from where?
1. axons
| 2. axons from optic tract pass through here and synapse in cinerum
182
What are the middle and deep layers of the superior colliculus called collectively? These layers are highly ________
1. strata lemnisci
| 2. integrative
183
What layers make up the strata lemnisci? what color is each one?
1. Straiatum giseum medium (gray)
2. Striatum album medium (white)
3. Straiatum giseum profundum (gray)
4. Striatum album profunda (white)
184
What are the superificial afferents to the SC?
1. Optic tract
2. Area 17 (corticotecal tract)
3. Area 8 (voluntary eye movement)
185
What is the corticotecal tract?
The tract from area 17 to the superior colliculus
186
tecal=
SC
187
cortical=
neocortex
188
What are the afferents to the deeper layers of the SC?
1. Striatum cinerum
2. IC
3. ML
4. spinotecal tract
5. trigeminal tract
6. cerebellum & substanti nigra
189
the cerebellum and substantia nigra are involved in
motor function
190
the spinaltecal tract carries what
pain + temp from the body
191
Where is the pulvinar located?
thalamus
192
What creates the dorsal tegmental decussation?
tectospinal tract
193
What are the superficial efferents from the SC?
2 tectothalamic tracts
1. Superficial layers--->LG--->area 17
2. Superficial layers---->pulvinar----->araes 18,19
194
What are the efferents from the deep /lower layers of the SC?
1. tectomesencephalic tract
| 2. tectospinal tract
195
Does the tectalspinal tract descend past the cervical region?
no
196
Where does the tectospinal tract end?
Lamina 9 of cervicals
197
Where does the tectomesencephalic tract go?
to nuclei of CN 3,4,6 to move extrinsic eye muscles
198
IS the tectomesocephalic tract considered voluntary?
no
199
the hypothalamus is roughly ______
motor
200
The hypothalamus is seperated from thalamus by
hypothalamic sulcus (from limitans)
201
The hypothalamus contains nuclei that perform _________ __________
vegetative function (eating, drinking, sexuality, aggression)
202
What are vegetative actions AKA
sham behavior
203
Is the lateral hypothalamus divided into parts?
no
204
What are the two nuclei in the lateral hypothalmus?
1. lateral hypothalamic nucleus
| 2. tuberomamillary nucleus
205
The medial hypothalamus is divided into how many parts? What are their names?
3 parts
1. anterior hypothalamus
2. tuberal hypothalamus
3. posterior hypothalamus
206
The anterior hypothalamus has how many nuclei? what are their names?
```
4 nuclei
1. pre-optic nucleus (Pr)
2. supraoptic nucleus (SO)
3. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SC)
do not confuse with superior colliculus
4. paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
```
207
Is the Pr nucleus divided? where is it located?
yes (lateral, medial), in front of the optic tract
208
Where is the SO nucleus located?
directly over the optic tract
209
Where is the SC nucleus located?
dorsal to the optic chiasm
210
The afferents going to the SC nucleus are from where?
optic tract
211
Where is the PVN nucleus located?
next to the third ventricle
212
The tuberal region of the hypothalamus is directly over the _________ _________. It contains a bulge at the base of the pituitary stalk called the _______ _________.
1. tuberum cinerum
| 2. median eminence
213
How many and what are the nuclei of the tuberal hypothalamus?
4 nuclei
1. dorsomedial nuclei (DM of hypo)
2. ventromedial nuclei (VM)
3. arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
4. tuberomamillary nucleus = (straddles part two and three)
214
The posterior hypothalamus is over what structure?
mammillary bodies
215
How many and what are the names of the posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus?
3 nuclei
1. posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus
2. mammillary bodies (medial and lateral)
3. pre-mammillary nuclei
216
What are the pre-mammillary nuclei?
2 more swellings in front of the MBs
217
The PVN and So release what substance?
hormones
218
The PVN has what kinds of cells?
large and small
219
The axons from the PVN and SO nuclei make up what tract to the posterior pituitary gland?
hypothalamohypophyseal tract
220
The PVN large cells and So nuclei release what hormones?
vasopressin (ADH)
| oxytocin
221
The cell bodies of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract are found in what?
PVN large cells and SO nuclei
222
Some axons from the hypothalamohypophyseal tract terminate where in the spinal cord?
lateral horn (T1-L2)
223
How do hormones regulate the sympathetic nervous system?
because of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract
224
What are the three sources of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?
1. PVN large cells
2. SO nuclei
3. lateral hypothalamus
225
What hormones do the PVN small cells release?
1. thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
| 2. corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
226
WHat does the Pre-Optic nucleus deal with?
sexual behavior
227
What is special about the Pre-Optic nucleus?
it contains three subnuclei that are sexually dimorphic
228
What does INAH stand for?
interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus
229
The pre-optic nucleus has the highest density of ____ receptors in the brain?
testosterone
230
When do pre-optic neurons fire the most?
during sexual arousal
231
When do pre-optic neurons fire least?
after ejaculation
232
How many more neurons do males have than females in the pre-optic nucleus?
2 times as many
233
How many more neurons do males have in the pre-optic nucleus than homosexual males?
2 times as many
234
The neurons in the bed of stria terminalis is equal in males/________ but _____ have half as many.
1. homosexuals
| 2. females/transgender
235
What is the bed of stria terminalis?
1. the connection between the anterior corpus collosum and the amygdala
2. literally the closing of the anterior neurospore on day 24
236
The bed of stria terminalis plays a major role in _______ ________.
sexual behavior
237
The ventromedial nucleus (VM) has what 2 main function?
1. sexual arousal/ activity in females
| 2. Acts as a feeding stop center--->satiety center
238
What is the feeding start center?
lateral hypothalamus
239
What are the three major hunger theories?
1. glucostatic
2. lipostatic
3. thermostatci
240
What stimulates hunger in the lateral hypothalamus?
orexin
241
What other functions does the lateral hypothalamus have?
1. reward circuitry
| 2. aggressive/violent behavior
242
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is from ________. Where does it send axons? What does it release?
1. tuberal hypothalamus
2. lateral hypothalamus & PVN
3. neuropeptide Y (NPY)
243
What is leptin?
a hormone produced by fat cells to turn off the arcuate nucleus
244
CRH is produced by the ________.
| Leptin causes _________ CRH release and thus ________cortisol production.
1. small cells of the PVN
2. CRH
3. cortisol
245
Why does antihistamine cause drowsiness?
because histamine will be inhibited from being released
246
histamine does what
wakefulness
| alertness
247
what releases histamine in the ascending chemical pathways of the brainstem?
tuberomammillary nucleus
