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glycolysis ivanov Flashcards

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1
Q

shuttles

A

Glycerol-3-P

Malate

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2
Q

Glycerol-3-P

1 NADH will produce ? ATP

A

1.5

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3
Q

Malate

1 NADH will produce ? ATP

A

2.5

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4
Q

G-3-P

produces how many ATP total?

A

30

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5
Q

Malate produces how many ATP total?

A

32

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6
Q

enzymes of the investment phase

A 
hexokinase
phosphoglucose isomerase
phosphofructosekinase
aldolase
triose phosphate isomerase
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7
Q

molecules produced during investment phase

A

d-glucose—start

  1. glucose 6-phosphate
  2. fructose 6-phosphate
  3. fructose 1,6-biphosphate
  4. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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8
Q

what happens to the fructose 1,3-biphosphate?

A

it goes through an aldol cleavage producing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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9
Q

what enzymes accompany the ATP investments?

A

hexokinase

phoshofructokinase

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10
Q

what cells have no mitochondria?

A

RBC

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11
Q

What does aerobic glycolysis depend on?

A

Pa O2

number of mitochondria

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12
Q

NADH is

A

and electron carrier

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13
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

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14
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis is dependent on what enzyme?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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15
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis produces what molecule?

A

Lactate

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16
Q

What are the enzymes of the generation phase?

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  2. phoshoglycerate kinase
  3. phoshoglycero-mutase
  4. enolase
  5. pyruvate kinase
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17
Q

glycolysis occurs where

A

cytosol

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18
Q

What is the pace setting enzyme for glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase

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19
Q

what inhibits phosphofructokinase

A

ATP

citrate

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20
Q

what is the substrate used by phosphofructokinase?

A

fructose 6-phosphate

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21
Q

vigorously contracting muscles show an increase in what reaction

A

conversion of pyruvate to lactate

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22
Q

If a pt showed very low lactate conversion after working out, what enzyme would be deficient

A

pyruvate kinase

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23
Q

which reactions in glycolysis are irreversable?

Study These Flashcards
A

the rate limiting reactions

24
Q

what is the oxif=dized product of NADH?

25
will a fasting state speed up or slow down glycolysis, why?
a fasting state will slow down glycolysis due to the inhibition of phosphofructokinase. The enzyme is a rate determining enzyme and decreased levels of fructose 2, 6-biphosphate cause inhibition.
26
Fructose 2,6 phosphate is activated by
insulin
27
what are the products of the generation phase of glycolysis?
4 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate
28
what enzyme is reponsible for the phosphorylation of glucose
hexokinase
29
what inhibits hexokinase
glucose 6-phosphate
30
hexokinase has a high affinity for
glucose
31
where is glucokinase found
liver parenchymal cells | islet cells of the pancreas
32
how does glucokinase differ from hexokinase
1.glucokinase only functions when the intracellular concentration of glucose in the hepatocyte is elevated (helpful when eating a carb rich meal) 2. indirectly inhibited by fructose 6-phosphate 3. its activity is increased due to the activity of insulin
33
What is the reaction following the phosphorylation of glucose?
glucose 6-phosphate is isomerized to fructose 6-phosphate
34
what is the catalyst of this reaction
phosphoglucose isomerase
35
What reaction happens to fructose 6-phosphate?
irreversable phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate
36
what regulates this reaction?
1. activated by increased concentration of fructose 2,6-biphosphate (most potent activator) 2. inhibited by increased ATP, Citrate 3. activated by high AMP
37
What is the catalyst of this reaction?
phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
38
ATP is required investment during what reactions?
1. glucose to glucose 6-phosphate | 2. fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate
39
What happens during the cleavage of fructose 1,6-biphospahte?
aldolase cleaves fructose 1,6-biphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phospahte
40
is this reaction reversable?
yes
41
What does triose phosphate isomerase do?
interconverts dihydroxyacetone phoshate and glyceraldehyde 3 -phosphate
42
what happens to dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
it is isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate for further metabolism in the glycolytic pathway
43
what happens to the 2 molecules of glycrealdehyde 3-phosphate
they are oxidized to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
44
what is the catalyst for this reaction
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
45
What also happens during this reaction in glycolysis?
NAD+ is rduced to produce NADH + H+
46
What happens to 1,3 BPG?
it is conveted to 3-phosphoglycerate | (the high energy phosphate group is used to synthesize ATP from ADP
47
What is this reaction catalyzed by?
phosphoglycerate kinase
48
3-phosphoglycerate is then
shifted the phosphate group from carbon 3 to carbon 2 by the catalyst phosphoglycerate mutase
49
what happens to 2-phosphoglycerate
it is dehydrated by enolase | this results in the formation of a high energy enol phosphate contained in the PEP molecule
50
What happens to the PEP molecule?
PEP is converted to pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase last irreversable reaction of glycolysis produces ATP
51
What activates pyruvate kinase
elevated levels of fructose 1,6-biphosphate
52
T or F | The rate limiting reactions of glycolysis are irreversable.
T
53
Which reaction is the regulated reaction of the glycolytic pathway?
Fructose 6 phosphosphate----->fructose 1,6 biphosphate PFK-1
54
What would cause an increase in conversion of pyruvate to lactate?
vigourously contracting muscles
55
Red blood cells isolated from a patient showed abnormally low level of lactate production, which enzyme of glycolysis is deficient?
pyruvate kinase

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