NMP DUKE midterm

Question 1

Cerebellum

Answer 1

is folded under the occipital lobe; if opened, you can see the vermis along the midline,
surrounded by the paravermis (intermediate lobe) and the lateral hemisphere/lobe

Question 2

Horizontal fissure

Answer 2

runs along lateral side of the cerebellum

Question 3

Cerebellum specialty

Answer 3

it specializes in coordination of motor activity; it does not initiate or control movement

Question 4

(3) Cerebellum

major regions

Answer 4

1. Archicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum)
2. Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum)
3. Neocerebellum (corticocerebellum)

Question 5

Vermis

Answer 5

long, narrow, midline structure with many crimps; terminates as the uvula

Primary fissure = deepest fissure of
the vermis

Question 6

Archicerebellum

Answer 6

vermis + paravermis; the middle region; remember the spinocerebellar tracts terminate in the vermis & paravermis (paravermis = intermediate lobe)

Question 7

Neocerebellum

Answer 7

lateral hemispheres/lobes; it develops with

the neocortex

Question 8

Function of Neo + Paleo

Answer 8

coordination of muscles for the purpose of

movement

Question 9

The vermis & paravermis (termination of cerebellar tracts) contain

Answer 9

broken somatotopic map

vermis—Axial skeleton
paravermis—Extremities

Question 10

Two differences of cerebellar somatotopic map

from neocortical somatotopic map

Answer 10

1.Adjacent parts of the body are not perfectly
in line with each other; the representation is topsy
-turvy
2. Body parts may be represented multiple times;
there could be two index fingers, or two forearms; this is because there are many cerebellar tracts entering, each bringing a map , and they don’t overlap perfectly

Question 11

cerebellar white matter

Answer 11

arbor vitae

Question 12

Layer 1

Answer 12

molecular layer

Question 13

layer 2

Answer 13

purkinje layer (main cells)

Question 14

layer 3

Answer 14

granular layer

Question 15

Purkinje cells

Answer 15

main neurons of cerebellum
There is one giant dendrite that bifurcates endlessly, but it sends out only one axon,
which terminates on a group of cells deep
in the white matter

Question 16

where do purkinje fibers terminate?

Answer 16

deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 17

What is the arrangement of the entire

cerebellum?

Answer 17

purkinje—->deep cerebellar nuclei—–>out of cerebellum

Question 18

Main afferents of the cerebellum

Answer 18

the mossy/parallel fiber system

Question 19

Rosette

Answer 19

cluster of mossy fibers and granule cells together

Question 20

Climbing fibers

Answer 20

cerebellar afferent fibers that don’t go to granule cells in rosettes

Question 21

Where do climbing fibers go?

Answer 21

straight to the surface and split to synapse on the purkinjes

Question 22

Where do climbing fibers come from?

Answer 22

climbing fibers are axons from the inferior olive (olivocerebellar fibers)

Question 23

Where do climbing fibers enter the cerebellum?

Answer 23

inferior peduncle

Question 24

T or F

climbing and parallel fibers are excitatory to the purkinjes?

Answer 24

T

Question 25

purkinje firing rate----normal

Answer 25

70 AP/sec

Question 26

purkinje firing rate-----excited

Answer 26

150-200 AP/sec

Question 27

T or F | purkinje cells are excitatory on deep cerebellar nuclei.

Answer 27

F | inhibitory

Question 28

T or F | deep cerebellar nuclei are excitatory on everything outside the cerebellum.

Answer 28

F | inhibitory

Question 29

T or F | If the deep cerebellar nuclei are stimulated by purkinje cells the will inhibit the outside the cerebellum.

Answer 29

F | purkinje inhibit deep cerebellum nuclei which excites the outside through double inhibition

Question 30

Three (3) other important cells of the cerebellum

Answer 30

1. basket 2. stellate 3. golgi

Question 31

Are the three other cells inhibitory or excitatory to the perkinjes?

Answer 31

inhibitory

Question 32

Basket cell

Answer 32

axon comes out and cups the base of the purkinje, right where the purkinje axon comes out

Question 33

Stellate cell

Answer 33

found right outside the purkinje's dendrite | and shuts it off at this location

Question 34

Golgi cell

Answer 34

sends axon to rosettes, the granule cells, to stop the purkinje from receiving any signals in the first place . They do not send axons directly to the purkinje, but they still shut it down

Question 35

Deep cerebellar nuclei of each region of cerebellum | Corticocerebellum

Answer 35

1. receives from entire neocortex, especially areas 4, 6, and 3,1,2 2. entire middle cerebellar peduncle is comprised of "corticopontocerebellar" tracts ``` Axons end on purkinjes→dentate nucleus→VLc→ area 4 (some 6) ```

Question 36

Deep cerebellar nuclei of each region of cerebellum | spinocerebellum (paleo)

Answer 36

(the paravermis and vermis send to different deep cerebellar nuclei) 1. vermis-sends axons to a different deep nucleus, the fastigial nucleus (most lateral deep nucleus) 2. paravermis---sends to n.interpositus= formed by two separate classes of neurons (makes two nuclei) globose and emboliform nuclei; these are the deep nuclei of the paravermis; they send to RNmc

Question 37

Deep cerebellar nuclei of each region of cerebellum | Vestibulocerebellum (archi)

Answer 37

he deep nucleus it uses is not its own; it shares the fastigial n. with the vermis but only 20% of axons go here; most axons go to the vestibular nuclei in the pons

Question 38

Descending Tracts

Answer 38

to affect a muscle, they must hook up to somatic-α | motor neurons in lamina IX; most end on interneurons in lamina VIII and then relay to IX

Question 39

Descending Tracts Lateral vestibulospinal from

Answer 39

vestibular nuclei

Question 40

Descending Tracts Lateral vestibulospinal integrating by means of

Answer 40

it is one of few tracts whose axons send collaterals to multiple segments, integrating segments together

Question 41

Descending Tracts Lateral vestibulospinal excite

Answer 41

axons excite somatic-α motor neurons,especially | in segments controlling extremity extensors

Question 42

Descending Tracts Lateral vestibulospinal main function

Answer 42

so the main function is anti-gravity; it stabilizes you in space by increasing muscle tone

Question 43

Descending Tracts Lateral vestibulospinal vestibulospinal reflex

Answer 43

when you lose support underneath you (or when you're free falling), you extend all your extremities to try to maintain balance in the air

Question 44

Descending Tracts Lateral reticulospinal (medullary) from

Answer 44

from the reticular formation; n.reticularis gigantocellularis

Question 45

Descending Tracts Lateral reticulospinal (medullary) main funtion

Answer 45

this goes to motor neurons of extensors to inhibit extensor muscles

Question 46

Descending Tracts Medial reticulospinal (pontine) from

Answer 46

from the reticular formation; n. | reticularis pontis

Question 47

``` Descending Tracts Medial reticulospinal (pontine) first function ```

Answer 47

axons go primarily to segments controlling axial extensors, especially postural support mm. in the neck

Question 48

``` Descending Tracts Medial reticulospinal (pontine) second function ```

Answer 48

axons also go to phrenic nucleus(lamina IX of C3 | -C5) to control diaphragm/respiration; specifically, it is involved in phasic functions of respiration

Question 49

``` Descending Tracts Medial reticulospinal (pontine) third function ```

Answer 49

this tract is also involved in initiation and speed of locomotion (walking)

Question 50

Descending Tracts MLF general

Answer 50

medial longitudinal fasciculus;most medial and primitive tract