Neuro 1 final Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
Golgi Tendon Organ
A
detects amount of tension in the tendon
2
Q
Are there sesory in the CNS?
A
no, only interneurons
3
Q
spaces between myelin
A
nodes of ranvier
4
Q
myelin is made of
A
lipids
5
Q
increased thicknes and length of myelinated axons =
A
increased speed
6
Q
Axons regenerate in the
A
PNS
7
Q
Do axons regenerate in the CNS
A
no
8
Q
myelin portions vary from
A
100-1000 um
9
Q
neurolema=
A
tube surrounding axon
10
Q
oligodendrocyte myelin has
regeneration factors
A
no facilitating factors
inhibit regeneration
11
Q
schwann cells
A
wrap axons in phosholipids
12
Q
inner layer is
A
very dark
13
Q
how many layers of inner layer per major dense line
A
2
14
Q
outer layer
A
very dark
15
Q
how many outer layers per intraperiod line
A
2
16
Q
1 period=
A
1 myelin layer
17
Q
how many layers of myelin are typical?
A
20-23
18
Q
when is an axon labeled myelinated?
A
after 8 layers
19
Q
one shwann cell is responsible for _____ axons
A
several
20
Q
is an axon myelinated by one schwann cell?
A
no, several
21
Q
What happens during MS?
A
antibodies attack an axon leading to demyelination
22
Q
ectoderm=
mesoderm=
A
somatic
or
voluntary
23
Q
endoderm=
A
visceral
or
autonomic
24
Q
biofeedback
A
is a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance.
25
somatic
general-G
| Special-S
26
visceral
General-G
| Special-S
27
Somatic-General
Afferent
| Efferent
28
Somatic-Special
Afferent
29
Visceral-General
| AKA Autonomic
symapthetic
| parasympathetic-enteric
30
Visceral-Special-Afferent
sight, taste, vestibular, smell, hearing
31
Visceral-Special-Afferent
| does not include
touch, pain, temp
32
vestibular apparatus responsible for
location of the head in space
33
pheromones
chemical receptors that will not effect olfactory centers
smell is not a pheromone
34
vomernasal organ
recieves pheromones
35
oxytosin
neurotransmitter and pheromone
36
"the social hormone"
oxytosin
37
visceral-general-sympathetic
afferent
| efferent
38
Visceral-general-para
afferent
| efferent
39
Visceral-general-sympathetic
| responsible for
emotional arousal
| mobilizing body for emergency
40
Are there different levels of sympathetic tone?
no
41
Visceral-general-para
| responsable for
relaxation
| sexual arousal
42
Nitrous Oxide synthase
powerful vasodialator
43
Visceral-special-afferent
gestation
44
Visceral-special-efferent
```
skeletal muscle
trapezius
SCM
m. of facial expression
mastication
```
45
meninges
coverings of brain and cord
46
dura mater
tough mother (pachymeninge)
47
Arachnoid + Pia
Leptomeninges
48
Dura layers
periosteum
epidural
peiosteal dura
meningeal dura
49
Arachnoid layers
sub-dural (non-existant)
arachnoid
subarchnoid
50
subarachnoid contains
CSF, Blood vessels
51
pia layers
epipia
| pia intima
52
visceral sympathetic senses
pain, temp
53
visceral parasympathetic senses
touch/pressure/distension/chemicals
54
A alpha
| axon diameter
12-20
55
A alpha
Group 1
conduction velocity
70-120 m/s
56
A alpha
Group 1
modality
1. some fastadapting tactile receptors
2. discrimination touch
3. Axons of Annulospiral (primary)
4. Stretch endings
5. Axons of Golgi Tendon Organs
57
A beta
A gamma
Group 2
axon diameter
6-12
58
A beta
A gamma
Group 2
conduction velocity
30-70 m/s
59
A beta
A gamma
Group 2
modality
most slowly adapting tactile receptors
(light touch
Axons with flower spray endings
secondary stretch endings
60
A delta
| axon diameter
1-5
61
A delta
Group 3
conduction velocity
5-30 m/s
62
A delta
Group 3
modality
fast pricking pain
| temperature: cold
63
B axon
| axon diameter
1-3
64
B axon
| conduction velocity
3-15 m/s
65
B axon
| modality
Autonomic Nervous System-
Preganglionic=efferent
Afferent
66
C axon
group 3
axon diameter
.2-1.5
67
C axon
group 3
key characteristic
can be unmyelinated
68
C axon
group 3
conduction velocity
.5-2 m/s
69
C axon
group 3
modality
Pain- Slow Burning (not due to heat)
Temperature-Heat
Autonomic Nervous System-
Post ganglionic---efferent (non-myelinated)
70
Arachnoid Granulations AKA
Pachionian bodies
71
CSF synthesis
500-750 mL
72
CSF estimated vol
140 mL
73
L1-L2
Conus Meduallris
| end of spinal cord
74
Openings from 4th ventricle to cisterna
Median foreamen=cisterna magnum
| foreamen of Lushka (2) Lateral Foramina
Pontine Cisterna
75
narrowing of the cerebral aquaduct =
aquaduct stenosis
76
What anchors the cord to dura?
dentriculate ligaments
77
how many pairs of dentriculate ligaments
18-24
78
3 components of lumbar cisterna
1. CSF
2. Cauda Equina
3. Filum Terminale
79
Dura attachments
1. inner surface of IVF
2. coccygeal ligament to coccyx
3. posterior surface dorsal of C1-C2
4. Ring Like attachment to inner surface of foramen magnum
80
purpose of coccygeal ligament
anchors dura to coccyx
81
lateral ventricles
telencephalon
82
third ventricle
diencephalon
83
cerebral aquaduct (Sylvius)
mesencephalon
84
fourth ventricle
pons + medulla
85
central canal
spinal cord
86
choroid plexus lines the walls of
lateral ventricles
roof of 3rd ventricle
and some on roof of 4th ventricle (rhomboid fossa)
87
2 ways to produce CSF
filter blood for CSF
| build CSF from water
88
ECF composition
interstital
lymphatic
plasma
CSF
89
What is between the thalamus and hypothalamus?
sulcus limitans
90
what surrounds the pineal gland
pineal recess
| suprapineal recess
91
functions of CSF
nutrtion
removal of waste
shock absorbtion
bouyancy
92
filum terminale
end of pia intima and attaches to conus medulare
93
brain weighs ___g while floating
50
94
nucleus reunions is within
massa intermedia
95
choroid plexus is united by in the lateral and third ventrcles
interventricular foreamen
96
cisterna
enlargements in subarchnoid space
97
name the cisternas
```
superior cisterna (Ambiens)
chiasmatic cisterna
interpedunkle cisterna
pontine cistern
cisterna magnum (cerebellar medullary)
```
98
cisterna locations
superior cistern (Ambiens)-superior +inferior colliculus
chiasmatic cisterna-anterior to the optic chiasm
interpedunkle cistern-inferior to the optic chiasm, anterior to midbrain, superior to pons
pontine cistern-anteriorto pons and medulla
cisterna magnum- inferior to cerebellum, posterior to medulla
99
Lateral Horn
T1-L2
100
preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron comes from
lamina 7
| lateral horn
101
somatic alpha motor neuron is located in
lamina 9
102
preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron is what type of axon
B
103
preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron travels to what ganglion
paravertebral
104
preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron travels through what rami
ventral
| white (ramus communicans)
105
postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron is a _ _ _ neuron
GVE
106
postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron is what type of axon
C
107
postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron has what diameter
.2-1.5
108
postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron travels to innervate
bone marrow
piloerector
surface blood vessels (arteriole)
sweat glands
109
sympathetic innervation of bone marrow does what?
stimulates release of immune cells
| temporarily shuts down immune production after immediate response
110
Ach
Acetylcholine
111
cholenergic neuron
General Somatic Efferent
112
adrenergic neuron
General visceral efferent
113
postganglionic chain ganglion distribution
T12 to L3-L4
L1 to L4-L5
L2 to S1 etc
114
What innervates cervical general visceral
T1-T2
115
How many chain ganglions are in the different regins of the spine?
cervical-3
thoracic-12
lumbar-4 (1 is missing, but not always from the same segment)
sacral-3-4
116
Why is the sacrum odd in regards to chain ganglia?
Because of the ganglion impar at the inferior of the sacrum.
117
When the inferior cervical ganglion and T1 chain ganglion fuse what is the title?
stellate or cervicothoraco ganglion.
118
What cervical ganglion is a small anomaly?
vertebral---aprox. 10%
119
Superior Cervical Ganglion recieves GVE from where?
T1-T2
120
Superior cervical ganglion distributes postganglionic axons to where?
1. spinal nerves C1-C4---piloerectors, blood vessles, sweat glands
2. laryngeal plexus (larynx/pharynx, bl. vessles)
3. superior cervical cardiac nerve----sa node, atria, ventricles
4. internal and external carotid plexus
121
superior cervical cardiac nerve does what 3 things
1. sa node to increase heart rate
2. increase strength of heart beat (blood volume pumped)
3. constricts coronary arteries (auto dilation reflex)
122
External carotid plexus functions
submandibular and parotid innervation
123
Internal corotid plexus innervation
lacrimal gland
| dilator papilla
124
Middle cervical ganglion
1. spinal nerves C4-C6
2. Middle cardiac nerve
3. ansa subclavia
125
inferior cervical ganglion
1. spinal nerves C6-C8
2. inferior cardiac nerve
3. pulmonary plexus
4. vertebral artery plexus
126
Greater Splachnic Nerve
T5-T9
127
Lesser Splachnic Nerve
T10-T11
128
Least Splachnic Nerve
T12
129
Upper Lumbar Splanchnic Nerve
L1-L2
130
Middle Lumbar Splachnic Nerve
L2-L3
131
Lower Lumbar Splachnic nerve
L3-L4
132
How do you label a splacnic nerve?
based on which chain ganglion it exits from
133
Sacral (pelvic)
S2-S4
134
What are T1-4 sympathetic nerves named?
thoracic cardiac splanchnic nerves
135
Splanchnic nerves contain-
GVE
| GVA
136
3 primary plexes
1. Celiac
2. Sup. hypogastric
3. inferior hypogastric
137
celiac plexus
| recieves ___ splanchnic nerves
5 (greater thru middle lumbar)
138
Celiac plexus has ____ secondary plexes
```
10
phrenic
hepatic
l. gastric
splenic
suprarenal
renal
test/ovarian
sup. mesenteric
abdom. aortic
inferior mesenteric
```
139
Superior hypogastric AKA
presacral nerve
140
Inferior hypogastric AKA
Pelvic plexus
141
Inferior hypogastric
| recieves contributions from
superior hypogastric plexus
sacral splanchnic
pelvic splachnic
142
Inferior hypogastric
| ____ secondary plexes
3
middle rectal
vesical
prostatic/uterovaginal
143
Which splachnic is parasympathetic?
Pelvic
144
Hepatic plexus
| tertiary plexes
```
6
hepatic
cystic
r. gastric
gastroduodena
R. gastro-omental
Sup. Pancreatico-duodenal
```
145
What is special about the medulla of the suprarenal gland?
displaced sympathetic chain ganglion (it is made of post-ganglionic neurons)
146
Where is sperm stored?
| Sympathetic controls
ductus deferens
| ejaculation
147
Sup. Mesenteric plexus
| tertiary plexes
```
5
pancreas
jejunum & ileum
ileocecal region
R. colic (ascending colon)
middle colic (proximal TC to Left colic flexure)
```
148
Inf. Mesenteric
| tertiary plexes
2
L. colic ( Left colic flexure to end of sigmoid colon)
Sup. Rectal Plexus
149
Parasympathetic NS
| called
caniosacral division
150
Parasym cranial nerves
3,7,9,10
151
Sacral para symp
lamina VII of S2-S4
152
Sympathetic has ____pre-ganglionic axons
short
| long post-ganglionic
153
Sympathetic releases what post-synapse
NE
154
parasymp realeases what post-synapse
ACh
155
Sympathetic ganglia AKA
para & pre vertebral
156
Parasymp ganglia AKA
terminal and intramural
157
One exception to sympathetic post-ganglionic chemical release
sweat glands (ACh)
158
what is the reticular formation?
brainstem's core of gray matter
159
central gray
core of the reticular formation
160
periaqueductal gray=
central gray that surrounds the cerebral aquaduct
161
red nucleus
| why red?
high levels of Fe+
162
red nucleus
| 2 parts
```
pars parvicellularis (small cells)
pars magnocellularis (large cells)
```
163
Substantia nigra contains what cells to color it
melanocytes
164
Substantia nigra
| 2 parts
```
pars compacta (dopamine)
pars reticularis
```
165
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
extension of pars compacta (has dopamine)
166
cerebral peduncles location
ventral to substantia nigra
basis pedunculi
crus cerebri
167
Cranial Nerve 3
| contains ___ nuclei
```
7
DM
EW
1 for each extrinsic m (4)
levator palpebra sup.
```
168
Dorsomedial nucleus sends to
ciliary body
169
Edinger Westphal nucleus sends to
constrictor pupillae
170
Cranial Nerve 3
| where do parasymp pre-synaptic travel to?
ciliary ganglion---short ciliary nerves w/ sympathetic nerve from T1-2 IMLs (superior cervical ganglion
171
Cranial Nerve 7
| contains cell bodies from what nuclei
facial nucleus
| sup. salivatory nucleus
172
Cranial Nerve 7
Facial nucleus
located where
pons
173
Cranial Nerve 7
| facial nucleus sends visceral axons where?
stapedius
| muscles of fascial expression
174
Cranial Nerve 7
| facial nucleus axon is classified as
SVE
175
Cranial Nerve 7
| N. to Stapedius is responsible for?
attenuation reflex
| sound moderation
176
Cranial Nerve 7
| damage results in
Bell's palsy
| hyperacusis
177
hyperacusis=
all sounds are percieved as being loud
178
Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
location
pons
179
```
Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
Sends out 2 axons
1 joins _____
1 joins ____
```
greater superficial petrosal nerve
chorda tympani
180
Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
greater sup. petrosal n becomes
vidian n. (after being joined by sympathetic)
181
Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
is actually 2 nuclei, what is the other
lacrimal
182
Cranial Nerve 7
Nucleus of tractus solitarius
location
medulla
183
Cranial Nerve 7
| Nucleus of tractus solitarius recieves what fiber, from where?
SVA fibers from anterior 2/3 of tounge
184
Cranial Nerve 7
Geniculate ganglion
does synapsing occur here?
no, all axons pass through here
185
Cranial Nerve 7
Geniculate ganglion
is equivalent to
DRG in spinal nerve (sensory)
186
Cranial Nerve 7
Chorda Tympani
contains what fibers
SVA (taste) and GVE parasymp to salivary glands
187
What is croc-tear syndrome?
damage to GVE components, criss crossing of regenerated axons. this causes mixed signals between crying and drooling
188
Cranial Nerve 9
| contains what fibers
GVE
| SVA
189
Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
location
medulla
190
Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
what kind of cell bodies?
parasympathetic
191
Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
axons pass through what ganglion?
inferior ganglion on 9
192
Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
after going to the ganglion what happens?
splits into tympanic plexus, reforms and contiues as lesse superficial petrosal n
193
Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
the lesser superficial petrosal synapses at what terminal ganglion?
otic, then to parotid gland
194
Cranial Nerve 9
| SVA comes from and goes to
posterior 1/3 of tounge----inferior ganglion of 9-----terminates in tractus solitarius
195
Cranial Nerve 10
| contains what fibers?
GVE(para)
GVA(para)
SVA
196
What is the general visceral cell column?
superior &inferior salivatory nuclei
| dorsal motor nucleus of 10
197
Cranial Nerve 10
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
sends GVE fibers to what kind of ganglion?
intramural
198
Cranial Nerve 10
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
provides para innervation from where to where?
pharynx
| L. colic flexure
199
Cranial Nerve 10
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
exception to innervation
heart (nucleus ambiguuns)
200
Cranial Nerve 10
nucleus ambiguuns
sends para GVE fibers to
intramural ganglia in the wall of heart
201
Cranial Nerve 10
inferior ganglion of 10
AKA
nodose ganglion
202
Cranial Nerve 10
inferior ganglion of 10
function
sensory ganglion for SVA fibers (epiglottis)
sensory for GVA from wall of intestines
NO SYNAPSING IN THIS GANGLION
203
Cranial Nerve 10
| what happens in nucleus solitarius?
all visceral fibers terminate here
| SVA in superior (gustatory portion)
204
Sacral parasympathetic
| AKA
Nervi erigentes
| pelvic splanchnic nerves
205
Sacral parasympathetic
| uses what ganglions?
intramural
206
fasicle
group of axons of similar size
207
axonlemma
= to cell membrane of neuron
208
endoneurium
surrounds all neurons no matter the size
209
perineurium
around each fascicle
210
perineurium is continuous with
pia/arachnoid mater
211
epineurium
surrounds entire nerve
212
epineurium is continuous with
dura mater
