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MDSC 2403 > Anatomy- Pituitary, Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands > Flashcards

Anatomy- Pituitary, Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?
a) In the thyroid cartilage
b) In the hypophyseal fossa on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid
c) Suspended from the floor of the fourth ventricle

A

B) In the hypophyseal fossa on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid

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2
Q

Which structure connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
a) Diaphragma sellae
b) Optic chiasma
c) Infundibulum
d) Anterior communicating artery

A

C) Infundibulum

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3
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of the adenohypophysis?
a) Pars anterior
b) Pars intermedia
c) Pars tuberalis
d) Pars nervosa

A

D) Pars nervosa

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4
Q

What is the remnant of Rathke’s pouch called?
a) Intraglandular cleft
b) Diaphragma sellae
c) Infundibulum
d) Median eminence

A

A) Intraglandular cleft

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5
Q

Which of the following cells secrete growth hormone?
a) Chromophobes
b) Basophils
c) Acidophils
d) Pituicytes

A

C) Acidophils

footnote
Acidophils - growth hormone and prolactin
Basophils - FSH, TSH, LH, ACTH

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6
Q

Which vertebrae does the thyroid gland extend between?
a) C1-C4
b) C5-T1
c) T2-T5
d) L1-L4

A

B) C5-T1

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7
Q

Which of the following is unique to the thyroid gland?
a) It is not dependent on iodine.
b) It immediately releases hormones into the blood after formation.
c) It is located deep within the body.
d) It stores hormones before releasing them

A

D) It stores hormones before releasing them

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8
Q

What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?
a) Pyramidal lobe
b) Levator glandulae thyroideae
c) Isthmus
d) Suspensory ligament

A

C) Isthmus

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9
Q

Which ligament explains why the thyroid gland moves during swallowing?
a) Levator glandulae thyroideae
b) Suspensory ligament
c) Outer false capsule
d) Inner true capsule

A

B) Suspensory Ligament

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10
Q

Which artery supplies the upper 1/3 of the thyroid lobe?
a) Inferior thyroid artery
b) Thyroidea ima artery
c) Superior thyroid artery
d) Oesophageal artery

A

C) Superior thyroid artery

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11
Q

According to the source, the position of which parathyroid gland is fairly constant?
a) Inferior parathyroid III
b) Inferior parathyroid IV
c) Superior parathyroid III
d) Superior parathyroid IV

A

d) Superior parathyroid IV

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12
Q

What is the name of the hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland?
a) Calcitonin
b) Thyroxine
c) Parathormone
d) Triiodothyronine

A

C) PTH

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13
Q

The superior parathyroid gland develops from which pharyngeal pouch?
a) Second
b) Third
c) Fourth
d) Fifth

A

C) 4TH

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14
Q

Which artery primarily supplies the parathyroid glands?
a) Superior thyroid artery
b) Inferior thyroid artery
c) Middle thyroid artery
d) Thyroidea ima artery

A

B) Inferior thyroid artery

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15
Q

What type of cells secrete parathyroid hormone?
a) Oxyphil cells
b) Follicular cells
c) Parafollicular cells
d) Principal cells

A

D) Principal cells

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16
Q

Calcitonin is secreted?

A

Para follicular cells (C- cells)
Regulates calcium metabolism

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17
Q

State the development of the thyroid gland

A

Endodermal origin
Foreman caecum

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18
Q

Give the medial, anterior (superior) and posterior relations of the thyroid gland.

A

Medial- trachea, esophagus, cricothyroid and inf. Constrictor muscle.
Superficial - omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid
Postero- lateral - common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve

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19
Q

State the blood supply of the thyroid artery

A

Superior (1/3) and inferior thyroid artery (2/3)

footnote
Superior thyroid artery is the branch from external carotid artery
Inferior - branch from the thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery

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20
Q

Give the blood supply of the isthmus.

A

Thyroidea ima artery - arch of aorta

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21
Q

Give the anterior and posterior surface relations of the isthmus of the thyroid gland.

A

Anterior - skin, superficial fascia, anterior jugular vein
Posterior- 2nd - 4th rings of trachea

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22
Q

Give the upper and lower boarder relations of the isthmus

A

Upper - superior thyroid artery
Lower - Thyroidea ina artery (if present)

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23
Q

Give the Apex and base relations of the thyroid gland.

A

Apex - Sterno- thyroid, Superior thyroid artery, external laryngeal nerve
Base - Inferior thyroid artery, recurrent laryngeal nerve

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24
Q

Give the anterior and posterior boarder relations of the thyroid gland.

A

Anterior - superior thyroid artery
Posterior - Inferior thyroid artery, thoracic duct and superior and inferior parathyroid glands

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25
The superior parathyroid gland is typically located along which border of the thyroid gland lobe? a) Anterior b) Inferior c) Superior d) Posterior
d) Posterior
26
Give the venous supply of the thyroid gland and its origin.
Middle, superior, inferior and 4th thyroid vein. Middle, superior and 4th vein- internal jugular vein Inferior - brachiocephalic vein
27
What is secreted from the thyroid follicles?
T3 AND T4 Note: they are housed in a structure called colloid
28
Low levels of calcium in the blood have what effect on parathyroid gland secretion according to the source? a) Inhibit b) Stimulate c) No effect d) Decrease the size of the glands
b) Stimulate High levels, inhibit secretion
29
Generalized osteitis fibrosa, characterized by soft bones, is a potential consequence of: a) Hypoparathyroidism b) Hyperthyroidism c) Hypocalcemia d) Hyperparathyroidism
d) Hyperparathyroidism Increase Ca2+ levels > soft, weak bones, hypercalcuria
30
What is the development of the inferior parathyroid glands?
3rd pharyngeal arches
31
The secretary activity of the parathyroid glands is primarily controlled by the concentration of which substance in the blood? a) Sodium b) Potassium c) Calcium d) Glucose
c) Calcium
32
Blood supply of pituitary gland and its origin
Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries
33
State the anterior and posterior relations of the pituitary gland.
Ante and poste inter-cavernous sinus
34
What structures are related above the pituitary gland?
Sphenoid bone w/ sphenoid air sinus
35
What structures are related to both sides of the pituitary gland?
Cavernous sinus Internal carotid artery
36
List the structure related below the pituitary gland.
Optic chiasma Diaphramic sellea Floor of 3rd ventricle
37
List the structures found in the andenohypophysis and state their secretions.
Chromophobes and Chromophils Chromophils — Acidophils - prolactin and growth hormone Basophils - TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH
38
List the hormone secreted by Pars Intermedia.
MSH Melanocyte stimulating hormone
39
State location of the Par Intermedia.
Between the posterior and anterior pituitary gland.
40
What structure is located between the Pars intermedia and adenohypophysis?
Intraglandular cleft
41
What is the significance of Neurohypophysis.
Secretes ADH and oxytocin Consist of herring bodies
42
State the development for the following: A) Adenohypohysis B) Intraglandular cleft C) Neurohypophysis
A - Rathke pouch (anterior end) B- Rathke Pouch (posterior) C- infundibulum
43
Give the lining of the thyroid gland when resting and secreting?
Resting - simple cubodial epithelial Secretion - simple columnar epithelium
44
What clinical conditions is caused by hypothyroidism?
Cretinism in infants Myxoedema in adults
45
What clinical conditions is caused by hyperthyroidism?
Graves’ disease
46
State the function of PTH.
Enhances calcium absorption in the gut Increase calcium reabsorption in the distal tubules Increase bone absorption in the osteoclasts
47
List the structures found in the parathyroid gland and give its significance.
Principal/ chief cells - secrete PTH Oxyphil cells - function unknown
48
According to the source, hyperparathyroidism (main) is often associated with: a) Hypocalcemia b) Tumors of the parathyroid glands c) Decreased urinary excretion of calcium d) Increased bone density
b) Tumors of the parathyroid glands
49
Increased blood calcium levels due to hyperparathyroidism can lead to which of the following? a) Decreased risk of kidney stones b) Increased risk of kidney stones c) Hypophosphatemia d) Muscle weakness due to low calcium
b) Increased risk of kidney stones
50
Hormone releasing factors are carried to which part of the pituitary gland to release appropriate hormones?
Anterior pituitary where they stimulate to release the hormone
51
List your tropic and effector hormones
Tropic - FSH, TSH, LH, ACTH Effector - Growth hormone and prolactin
52
What is the clinical significance of the Rathke’s pouch?
Craniopharyngioma which can lead to hydrocephalus and pituitary dysfunction such as diabetes insipidus and growth failure. ________ Presentation: People may present with bi-temporal inferior quadrantanopia leading to bi-temporal hemianopia, as the tumour may compress the optic chiasm.
53
Pituitary adenomas raised from which cells in the gland?
Chromophobes. Causes hormone hyper and hypo secretion.
54
Pituitary metastases is commonly found where in the gland and from what?
Posterior pituitary and from breast cancer. Presentation: diabetes insipidus
55
State the disorders associated with hyperpituitarism (GH, Prolactin, ACTH, TSH)
1. Gigantism and acromegaly — increase GH (adenoma of acidophils) 2. Amenorrhoea and Galactorrhoea — increase in Prolactin 3. Cushing Syndrome - ACTH 4. Hyperthyroidism — TSH
56
What is the clinical significance of ADH
Diabetes insipidus — develops when there is a disruption of the posterior pituitary.
57
Polyuria, excessive thirst and polydipsia is an indication of what?
Lesion in the posterior pituitary resulting in destruction of cells that produce ADH.
58
Pressure on the cavernous sinus may give rise to what disorders?
Exophthalmos/ proptosis Ophthalmoplegia
59
A low blood calcium level due to hypoparathyroidism can lead to which of the following clinical manifestations? a) Decreased neuromuscular excitability b) Muscle relaxation c) Muscular spasm (tetany) d) Decreased heart rate
c) Muscular spasm (tetany) Increase neuro symptoms
60
Hypoparathyroidism can result from inadvertent removal of the parathyroid glands during which surgical procedure mentioned in the source? a) Appendectomy b) Cholecystectomy c) Thyroidectomy d) Nephrectomy
c) Thyroidectomy

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