Anatomy - Suprarenal And Pancreas

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the location of the suprarenal glands?
a) Intra-peritoneally on the lower poles of the kidneys
b) Retro-peritoneally on the lower poles of the kidneys
c) Retro-peritoneally on the upper poles of the kidneys
d) Intra-peritoneally on the upper poles of the kidney

Answer 1

C) Retro-peritoneally on the upper poles of the kidneys

Question 2

The suprarenal cortex is derived from which embryonic tissue?

Answer 2

Mesoderm Tissue

Question 3

The suprarenal medulla is derived from which embryonic tissue?

Answer 3

Neural crest cells

Question 4

Lymphatics from the suprarenal glands drain into which group of lymph nodes?
a) Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
b) Deep inguinal lymph nodes
c) Lateral aortic group of lymph nodes
d) Medial iliac lymph nodes

Answer 4

c) Lateral aortic group of lymph nodes

Question 5

Describe the shape of the right and left suprarenal gland?

Answer 5

Right- Pyramidal
Left- semilunar

Question 6

Which structure is related to the medial and lateral area of the anterior surface of the right suprarenal gland?

Answer 6

Inferior Vena Cava and Bare of the liver

Question 7

Which structures is related to the apex and base of the right suprarenal gland?

Answer 7

Apex- Inferior vena cava
Base- Upper pole of the kidney

Question 8

Which structure is the lower area of the anterior surface of the left suprarenal gland related to?

Answer 8

Pancreas

Question 9

Which structures are related to the anterior and posterior surface of the left suprarenal gland?

Answer 9

Anterior - pancreas w/ splenic artery
Posterior - left crus of diaphragm and left kidney

Question 10

State the arterial supply the suprarenal gland?

Answer 10

Superior, middle and inferior suprarenal artery

Question 11

State the arteries that gives rise to the arterial supply of the suprarenal gland.

Answer 11

Superior - inferior phrenic artery
Middle - abdominal aorta
Inferior - renal artery

Question 12

Which vessels does the right and left suprarenal vein drain into?

Answer 12

Right - IVC
Left - left renal vein

Question 13

Into which group of lymph nodes do the lymphatics from the suprarenal glands drain?

Answer 13

Lateral aortic

Question 14

The suprarenal medulla is supplied by sympathetic fibers coming from which spinal cord segments?

Answer 14

T8- L1

Question 15

The activities of the adrenal cortex are primarily controlled by which hormone from the adenohypophysis?
a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
b) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
c) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
d) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 15

ACTH

Question 16

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids?

Answer 16

Zona glomerulosa, secretes aldosterone.

Question 17

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

Answer 17

Zona fasciculata (thickest layer of suprarenal gland)

Note: Outermost layer

Question 18

State the significance of the zone recticularis in the suprarenal cortex.

Answer 18

Secretes secondary sex hormones, androgens.

Question 19

What mechanism primarily regulates the activity of the zona glomerulosa?
a) Renin-angiotensin mechanism
b) ACTH
c) TSH
d) FSH

Answer 19

A) Renin-angiotensin mechanism

Question 20

State the cells found in the medulla of the suprarenal gland and what is its function?

Answer 20

Chromaffin cells.
Secretions- epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 21

The pancreas lies opposite to which vertebral level?

Answer 21

T12- L3

Question 22

State the development of the pancreas

Answer 22

Ventral and dorsal pancreatic duct

Question 23

State the cells found within the islets of langerhans in the pancreas and their secretions.

Answer 23

Alpha - glucagon - 20%
Beta - insulin - 68%
Delta - somatostatin - 10%
Gamma - pancreatic polypeptide hormone - 2%

Question 24

Which hormone inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon?
A) TSH
B) Prolactin
c) Somatostatin
d) Pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 24

C) Somatostatin

Question 25

What does a deficiency of insulin cause?

Answer 25

Diabetes mellitus

Question 26

State the hormone that is secreted by the Interstitial cells of Leydig?

Answer 26

Testosterone

Question 27

What controls the levels of testosterone?

Answer 27

LH

Question 28

Which structure is related to the lateral border of the right and left suprarenal gland?

Answer 28

Right- Liver Left - Stomach

Question 29

Which structure is related to the medial border of the right and left suprarenal gland?

Answer 29

Coeliac ganglion

Question 30

What parts of the pancreas are developed from the dorsal bud?

Answer 30

Head, body, tail and upper head

Question 31

What parts of the pancreas are developed from the ventral bud?

Answer 31

Lower head w/ uncinate process

Question 32

What is the name of the reaction where the cytoplasm of chromaffin cell is stained brown when treated with potassium bichromate?

Answer 32

Chromaffin reaction

Question 33

What is the name of cells of the Zona fasciculata also known as?

Answer 33

Spongiocytes

Question 34

What results from chronic insufficiency of cortical secretion?

Answer 34

Addison disease

Question 35

Exessive mineralocorticoid secretion results in:

Answer 35

Conn’s Syndrome Symptoms: hypertension and hypokalemia

Question 36

Excessive glucocorticoid secretion results in:

Answer 36

Cushing’s Syndrome Truncal obesity, hypertension, and hirsutism are characteristic of this condition.

Question 37

Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens from the zona reticularis results in:

Answer 37

Masculinization of females

Question 38

The endocrine function of the pancreas is primarily involved in: a) Digestion of fats b) Digestion of proteins c) Maintaining glucose homeostasis d) Secretion of digestive enzymes

Answer 38

c) Maintaining glucose homeostasis

Question 39

Damage to the tail of the pancreas during splenectomy can lead to a deficiency of which hormone, resulting in diabetes mellitus? a) Glucagon b) Somatostatin c) Insulin d) Pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 39

c) Insulin

Question 40

Give the layers of the testes.

Answer 40

Tunica albuginea Tunica vaginalis Tunica vasculosa

Question 41

List the endocrine structures for male and female

Answer 41

Male- testes Female - ovaries

Question 42

Aldosterone primarily regulates the balance of which electrolytes? a) Calcium and phosphate b) Sodium and potassium c) Glucose and insulin d) Thyroid hormones

Answer 42

b) Sodium and potassium

Question 43

The renin-angiotensin mechanism primarily regulates the activity of which zone of the adrenal cortex? a) Zona reticularis b) Zona fasciculata c) Zona glomerulosa d) Adrenal medulla

Answer 43

c) Zona glomerulosa — aldosterone

Question 44

Cortisol primarily regulates which metabolic processes? a) Electrolyte and water balance b) Calcium and bone metabolism c) Carbohydrate and protein metabolism d) Sexual development

Answer 44

c) Carbohydrate and protein metabolism

Question 45

A tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces paroxysmal hypertension is called: a) Adrenal adenoma b) Adrenal carcinoma c) Pheochromocytoma d) Neuroblastoma

Answer 45

c) Pheochromocytoma

Question 46

Truncal obesity and hirsutism in females are manifestations of excessive secretion of which hormone? a) Aldosterone b) Adrenal androgens c) Cortisol d) Epinephrine

Answer 46

c) Cortisol Why? Cushing syndrome symptoms and Cushing syndrome is from hypercortisolism

Question 47

Hypertension and hypokalemia are characteristic features of which condition related to excessive mineralocorticoid secretion? a) Addison’s disease b) Cushing’s syndrome c) Conn’s syndrome d) Adrenal virilism

Answer 47

c) Conn’s syndrome