Physio- Pituitary Gland

Question 1

Which part of the pituitary gland is considered the “master of endocrine glands”?
a) Neurohypophysis
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b) Adenohypophysis
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c) Pars intermedia
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d) Infundibulum

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The pituitary gland is located in the:
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a) Sphenoid sinus
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b) Cavernous sinus
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c) Hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone
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d) Foramen magnum

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the adenohypophysis?
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a) Growth Hormone (GH)
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b) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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c) Oxytocin
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d) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What type of cells in the adenohypophysis secrete growth hormone and prolactin?
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a) Chromophobes
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b) Acidophils
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c) Basophils
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d) Pituicytes

Answer 4

B

Question 5

The neurohypophysis stores and releases which hormones?
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a) TSH and ACTH
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b) GH and Prolactin
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c) Vasopressin (ADH) and Oxytocin
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d) FSH and LH

Answer 5

C

Question 6

What is Rathke’s pouch?
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a) A part of the neurohypophysis
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b) An ectodermal out-pocketing that forms the adenohypophysis
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c) A structure in the hypothalamus
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d) A blood vessel supplying the pituitary

Answer 6

B

Question 7

Give the development of the pituitary gland.

Answer 7

Rathke’s pouch and Infundibum

Question 8

A pituitary adenoma that secretes excessive growth hormone (GH) in an adult leads to:
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a) Dwarfism
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b) Gigantism
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c) Acromegaly
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d) Diabetes insipidus

Answer 8

C

Question 9

Diabetes insipidus is a result of inadequate release of:
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a) Growth hormone
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b) Thyroid stimulating hormone
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c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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d) Prolactin

Answer 9

C

Question 10

A hormone is best described as a:
A) Neurotransmitter that travels through the bloodstream.
B) Chemical messenger secreted by exocrine glands for distant targets.
C) Chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands into the blood and transported to target cells.
D) Paracrine signaling molecule that acts on adjacent cells.

Answer 10

C) Chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands into the blood and transported to target cells.

Question 11

Which of the following physiological effects can be mediated by hormones?
A) Rapid propagation of action potentials along nerve fibers.
B) Cell growth, protein synthesis, and muscle contraction.
C) Localized inflammatory responses to tissue injury.
D) Exocrine secretion of digestive enzymes into the gut lumen.

Answer 11

B) Cell growth, protein synthesis, and muscle contraction.

Question 12

Water-soluble hormones, such as peptide hormones and catecholamines:
A) Can readily diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
B) Typically bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
C) Initiate their effects by binding to receptors on the cell surface, often leading to the generation of second messengers.
D) Primarily exert their effects by altering gene transcription directly.

Answer 12

C) Initiate their effects by binding to receptors on the cell surface, often leading to the generation of second messengers.

Question 13

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid and thyroid hormones:
A) Exert their primary effects by activating cell surface receptors.
B) Are unable to cross the cell membrane and require transport proteins for cellular entry.
C) Can diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to receptors located in the cytosol or nucleus.
D) Primarily trigger rapid, short-lived cellular responses.

Answer 13

C) Can diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to receptors located in the cytosol or nucleus.

Question 14

The secretion of hormones is governed by various types of stimuli. Which of the following is an example of hormonal stimulation?

A) Increased plasma glucose levels leading to insulin release from the pancreas.

B) Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causing the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla.

C) The hypothalamus releasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

D) Low plasma calcium levels stimulating the secretion of parathyroid hormone.

Answer 14

C) The hypothalamus releasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 15

The hypophyseal portal system plays a critical role in:
A) Transporting hormones from the posterior pituitary to the systemic circulation.
B) Providing a direct neural connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.
C) Delivering hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones directly to the anterior pituitary.
D) Regulating blood flow to the posterior pituitary gland.

Answer 15

Delivering hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones directly to the anterior pituitary.

Question 16

Which of the following hormones is NOT a tropic hormone released from the anterior pituitary?
A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
C) Growth hormone (GH).
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Answer 16

C) Growth hormone (GH)

Name your tropic hormones.

Question 17

The hypothalamus controls the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones by producing:
A) Six effector hormones that directly act on peripheral tissues.
B) Releasing hormones that stimulate and inhibiting hormones that suppress anterior pituitary hormone secretion.
C) Tropic hormones that directly regulate peripheral endocrine glands.
D) Neurotransmitters that are released into the systemic circulation.

Answer 17

Releasing hormones that stimulate and inhibiting hormones that suppress anterior pituitary hormone secretion.

Question 18

Negative feedback in the endocrine system is a mechanism that:
A) Amplifies the initial stimulus, leading to a greater hormonal response.
B) Maintains hormone levels within a narrow physiological range by inhibiting further hormone secretion.
C) Primarily regulates the secretion of water-soluble hormones.
D) Is less common than positive feedback in hormonal regulation.

Answer 18

B) Maintains hormone levels within a narrow physiological range by inhibiting further hormone secretion.

Question 19

An example of hormonal secretion regulated by ion levels via negative feedback is:
A) Insulin secretion in response to high blood glucose.
B) Parathyroid hormone secretion in response to low plasma calcium.
C) Aldosterone secretion stimulated by the renin-angiotensin system.
D) Catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation.

Answer 19

B) Parathyroid hormone secretion in response to low plasma calcium.

Question 20

Nutrient levels in the blood can directly influence hormone secretion. For instance, high plasma glucose levels stimulate the release of:
A) Glucagon from alpha cells of the pancreas.
B) Insulin from beta cells of the pancreas.
C) Somatostatin from delta cells of the pancreas.
D) Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.

Answer 20

B) Insulin from beta cells of the pancreas.

Question 21

Neurotransmitters can regulate hormone secretion in glands that:
A) Are located within the central nervous system.
B) Primarily secrete lipid-soluble hormones.
C) Receive autonomic innervation.
D) Are part of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

Answer 21

C) Receive autonomic innervation.

Question 22

The release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by:
A) High levels of circulating dopamine.
B) Stimulation of tactile receptors in the mother’s nipples during breastfeeding.
C) Increased levels of growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin).
D) Elevated levels of thyroid hormones.

Answer 22

B) Stimulation of tactile receptors in the mother’s nipples during breastfeeding.

Question 23

Positive feedback in hormonal regulation is characterized by:
A) The inhibition of hormone secretion in response to rising hormone levels.
B) A mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by counteracting changes in the internal environment.
C) The stimulation of further hormone secretion in response to the initial release of the hormone.
D) A slower and more prolonged response compared to negative feedback.

Answer 23

C) The stimulation of further hormone secretion in response to the initial release of the hormone.

Question 24

The secretion of oxytocin during childbirth, where uterine contractions lead to further oxytocin release, is an example of:
A) Negative feedback regulation.
B) Short-loop negative feedback.
C) Positive feedback regulation.
D) Feedforward regulation.

Answer 24

C) Positive feedback regulation.

Question 25

Compared to neural regulation, hormonal regulation is generally: A) Faster and more localized. B) Slower and more broadly distributed throughout the body. C) More precise in its targeting of individual cells. D) Briefer in its duration of effects.

Answer 25

B) Slower and more broadly distributed throughout the body.

Question 26

The duration of effect of a hormonally regulated response is typically longer than that of a neurally regulated response because: A) Hormones are released at a higher concentration than neurotransmitters. B) Endocrine glands have a more direct connection to their target cells. C) Hormones take longer to be metabolized and eliminated from the circulation. D) Hormonal signals always involve changes in gene transcription.

Answer 26

C) Hormones take longer to be metabolized and eliminated from the circulation.

Question 27

When a rapid, precise, and highly localized response is needed, the body primarily relies on: A) Hormonal regulation. B) Neural regulation. C) Autocrine signaling. D) Paracrine signaling.

Answer 27

B) Neural regulation.

Question 28

Tropic hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland primarily: A) Exert direct effects on peripheral tissues such as muscle and bone. B) Regulate the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands. C) Act locally within the anterior pituitary to regulate their own secretion. D) Are synthesized and stored in the posterior pituitary before release.

Answer 28

B) Regulate the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands.

Question 29

An example of a releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary is: A) Dopamine, which inhibits prolactin secretion. B) Somatostatin, which suppresses growth hormone secretion. C) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. D) Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, which stimulates growth hormone secretion

Answer 29

C) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion.

Question 30

The long negative feedback loop in the hypothalamic-pituitary-peripheral endocrine gland axis involves: A) Inhibition of the hypothalamus by a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary. B) Inhibition of the anterior pituitary by a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. C) Inhibition of both the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary by a hormone secreted by the peripheral endocrine gland. D) Stimulation of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary by a hormone from the peripheral endocrine gland.

Answer 30

C) Inhibition of both the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary by a hormone secreted by the peripheral endocrine gland.

Question 31

The release of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) from the adrenal medulla is primarily stimulated by: A) Increased plasma glucose levels. B) Hormonal stimulation from the anterior pituitary. C) Sympathetic nervous system stimulation. D) Low plasma calcium levels.

Answer 31

C) Sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Question 32

The secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary is typically inhibited by: A) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). B) Prolactin-releasing hormone. C) Dopamine D) Stimulation of the mother's nipples.

Answer 32

C) Dopamine

Question 33

In contrast to neural regulation, hormonal regulation: A) Results in a rapid response that is short-lived. B) Involves direct structural connections between the signaling cell and the target cell. C) Typically produces a more generalized effect on target cells throughout the body. D) Relies on neurotransmitters released at synapses to transmit signals.

Answer 33

C) Typically produces a more generalized effect on target cells throughout the body.

Question 35

State two ways in which ADH increases blood pressure and volume.

Answer 35

1. Through blood vessels via vasoconstriction of V1 receptors 2. Through the kidney via increases reabsorption of water via V2 receptors

Question 36

Oxytocin produces effects for 2 target organs. Name the organs and its effects on the organ.

Answer 36

Uterus - stimulates uterine contractions of the cervix Breast - stimulates contractions of myoepithelial cells causing ejection of milk.

Question 37

Contrast neural and hormonal regulation.

Answer 37

Neural regulation: Highly localized Structurally connected Short distance Fast regulation Brief effects _________ Hormonal regulation: Generalized and more broad Not connected Long distance Short regulation Long effects

Question 38

Lactotrope cells in the anterior pituitary are primarily responsible for the production of: A) Growth hormone. B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). C) Prolactin. D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Answer 38

C) Prolactin.

Question 39

Stimulation of tactile receptors in the mother's nipples during suckling leads to an increase in the secretion of: A) Dopamine from the hypothalamus. B) Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus. C) Prolactin from the anterior pituitary. D) Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary.

Answer 39

C) Prolactin from the anterior pituitary.

Question 40

Prolactin primarily exerts its physiological effects on which of the following tissues? A) Thyroid gland. B) Adrenal cortex. C) Mammary glands. D) Uterus.

Answer 40

C) Mammary glands.

Question 41

The secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary is inhibited by which hormone produced in the hypothalamus? A) TRH. B) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). C) Dopamine. D) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

Answer 41

C) Dopamine.

Question 42

What type of receptor is the prolactin receptor located in the mammary gland? A) G-protein-coupled receptor. B) Enzyme-linked receptor. C) Intracellular nuclear receptor. D) Ligand-gated ion channel.

Answer 42

B) Enzyme-linked receptor. Enzyme: JAK

Question 43

Activation of the prolactin receptor leads to the phosphorylation and activation of which intracellular transcription factor? A) cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). B) Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). C) Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT). D) Activator protein 1 (AP-1).

Answer 43

C) Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT).

Question 44

The proteins synthesized in mammary gland cells in response to prolactin signaling are primarily involved in: A) Collagen synthesis. B) Melanin production. C) Production of lactose, lipids, and casein. D) Glycogen synthesis.

Answer 44

C) Production of lactose, lipids, and casein.

Question 45

During which physiological state are prolactin plasma levels typically at their lowest? A) Fetal life. B) Pregnancy. C) Postpartum during breastfeeding. D) Adult life, outside of pregnancy and lactation.

Answer 45

D) Adult life, outside of pregnancy and lactation. Also, menopause and parturition

Question 46

Despite high plasma prolactin levels during pregnancy, lactation is inhibited due to: A) Down-regulation of prolactin receptors by high levels of estrogen and progesterone. B) Insufficient development of mammary gland alveoli. C) Increased levels of dopamine inhibiting prolactin action. D) Resistance of mammary gland cells to prolactin signaling.

Answer 46

A) Down-regulation of prolactin receptors by high levels of estrogen and progesterone.

Question 47

Inability to lactate can be a consequence of: A) Excessive secretion of dopamine by the hypothalamus. B) A prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor. C) Destruction of the anterior pituitary lobe. D) Increased sensitivity of prolactin receptors.

Answer 47

C) Destruction of the anterior pituitary lobe.

Question 48

Galactorrhea and infertility can result from an excess of prolactin, with infertility being caused by the inhibition of: A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion. B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. C) Growth hormone (GH) secretion. D) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion.

Answer 48

D) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion.

Question 49

The growth-promoting effects of growth hormone are primarily mediated by the production of: A) Thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. B) Cortisol in the adrenal cortex. C) Somatomedins (IGF-1 and IGF-2) in the liver. D) Insulin in the pancreas.

Answer 49

C) Somatomedins (IGF-1 and IGF-2) in the liver. IGFs: Promote protein synthesis Cell proliferation Growth of bone and cartilage Increase muscle mass Enlargement of visceral organs

Question 50

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate: A) Lipolysis in adipose tissue. B) Glycogen breakdown in the liver. C) Protein synthesis and cell proliferation. D) Glucose uptake by the liver.

Answer 50

C) Protein synthesis and cell proliferation.

Question 51

The growth-promoting effects of growth hormone are significantly enhanced by the presence of: A) Insulin. B) Glucagon. C) Thyroid hormones. D) Cortisol.

Answer 51

C) Thyroid hormones.

Question 52

Growth hormone has direct metabolic effects on peripheral tissues, including: A) Increased fat deposition in adipose tissue. B) Increased utilization of glucose by skeletal muscle. C) Stimulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue. D) Increased glycogen synthesis in the liver.

Answer 52

C) Stimulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue. And also, decrease fat decomposition

Question 53

Growth hormone contributes to increased plasma glucose levels by: A) Inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver. B) Increasing glucose uptake by adipose tissue. C) Decreasing the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. D) Stimulating gluconeogenesis and breakdown of glycogen in the liver.

Answer 53

D) Stimulating gluconeogenesis and breakdown of glycogen in the liver.

Question 54

Overall, growth hormone exerts which type of effects on skeletal muscles and bones? A) Catabolic. B) Anabolic. C) Lipolytic. D) Glycogenolytic.

Answer 54

B) Anabolic. Effects: Decreases glucose uptake, increase hyperglycemia Catabolic for adipose tissue — increase lipolysis and decrease fat decomposition

Question 55

The diabetogenic effects of growth hormone refer to its ability to: A) Enhance insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. B) Lower blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake. C) Antagonize the effects of insulin, leading to increased plasma glucose. D) Promote glucose storage as glycogen.

Answer 55

C) Antagonize the effects of insulin, leading to increased plasma glucose.

Question 56

Metabolic actions of growth hormone are aimed at increasing the production of: A) Glycogen and triglycerides. B) Amino acids and lactate. C) Free fatty acids and glucose. D) Ketone bodies and insulin.

Answer 56

C) Free fatty acids and glucose. Reason: For source of energy and to preserve amino acids for protein synthesis.

Question 57

Growth hormone spares amino acids from metabolic use, making them available for: A) Energy production through the Krebs cycle. B) Fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue. C) Synthesis of body proteins. D) Glycogen synthesis in muscles.

Answer 57

C) Synthesis of body proteins.

Question 58

The growth hormone receptor is what type of receptor? A) Ion channel-linked receptor. B) G-protein-coupled receptor. C) Enzyme-linked receptor. D) Intracellular hormone receptor.

Answer 58

C) Enzyme-linked receptor. Enzyme: JAK

Question 59

Stimulation of the growth hormone receptor leads to the activation of which enzyme? A) Adenylate cyclase. B) Phospholipase C. C) Janus kinase (JAK). D) Guanylate cyclase.

Answer 59

C) Janus kinase (JAK).

Question 60

Activation of the JAK pathway by growth hormone receptor stimulation can lead to the phosphorylation and activation of: A) Only intracellular enzymes like phospholipase C. B) Only transcription factors like STAT. C) Both intracellular enzymes (e.g., phospholipase C) and transcription factors (e.g., STAT, IRS, SHC). D) Neither intracellular enzymes nor transcription factors.

Answer 60

C) Both intracellular enzymes (e.g., phospholipase C) and transcription factors (e.g., STAT, IRS, SHC).

Question 61

The primary effect of growth hormone signaling through changes in gene expression is: A) Decreased synthesis of cellular proteins. B) Increased breakdown of cellular proteins. C) Increased synthesis of proteins, leading to tissue growth. D) Inhibition of cellular growth and proliferation.

Answer 61

C) Increased synthesis of proteins, leading to tissue growth.

Question 62

Growth hormone secretion is typically highest during: A) Midday. B) The first few hours of nighttime sleep. C) Immediately after a meal rich in carbohydrates. D) During prolonged fasting in adulthood.

Answer 62

B) The first few hours of nighttime sleep.

Question 63

Which of the following is a neurogenic factor that stimulates growth hormone secretion? A) Increased plasma glucose. B) Increased plasma fatty acids. C) Sleep. D) Starvation.

Answer 63

C) Sleep. Other neurogenic factors: Stress, Exercise and Trauma

Question 64

Reduced plasma glucose levels typically lead to: A) Decreased secretion of growth hormone. B) Increased secretion of growth hormone. C) No change in growth hormone secretion. D) Inhibition of growth hormone receptor activity.

Answer 64

B) Increased secretion of growth hormone. Decrease glucose, decrease fatty acids, starvation and increase amino acids lead to increase secretion of growth hormone.

Question 65

In childhood, increased production of growth hormone leads to: A) Dwarfism. B) Acromegaly. C) Giantism. D) Reduced visceral organ size.

Answer 65

C) Giantism.

Question 66

In young age, deficiency of growth hormone results in: A) Increased bone density. B) Pituitary dwarfism with childlike body proportions. C) Enlargement of the hands and feet. D) Accelerated closure of epiphyseal plates leading to increased height.

Answer 66

B) Pituitary dwarfism with childlike body proportions.

Question 67

In adulthood, excessive secretion of growth hormone causes: A) Pituitary dwarfism. B) Giantism. C) Acromegaly, characterized by thickening of cartilage and small bones. D) Generalized muscle hypertrophy.

Answer 67

C) Acromegaly, characterized by thickening of cartilage and small bones.

Question 68

A common finding in patients with acromegaly due to excessive growth hormone secretion is: A) Decreased size of visceral organs. B) Hypotension and bradycardia. C) Cardiomegaly. D) Reduced bone mineral density.

Answer 68

C) Cardiomegaly.

Question 69

In adult age, a deficiency of growth hormone can lead to: A) Increased muscle mass and reduced adiposity. B) Decreased bone mineral density and increased lean body mass. C) Generalized obesity, reduced muscle mass, and diminished bone mineral density. D) Enhanced insulin sensitivity and lower plasma glucose levels.

Answer 69

C) Generalized obesity, reduced muscle mass, and diminished bone mineral density.

Question 70

Oxytocin and vasopressin are synthesized by magnocellular neurons located in the: A) Anterior pituitary gland. B) Posterior pituitary gland. C) Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. D) Pineal gland.

Answer 70

C) Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.

Question 71

Oxytocin and vasopressin are transported to the posterior pituitary via the: A) Hypophyseal portal system. B) Systemic circulation. C) Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. D) Cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 71

C) Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

Question 72

Oxytocin primarily targets which two organs? A) Liver and kidneys. B) Thyroid gland and adrenal gland. C) Uterus and breasts. D) Pancreas and ovaries/testes.

Answer 72

C) Uterus and breasts.

Question 73

In the uterus and breast, oxytocin stimulates what?

Answer 73

Uterus- Contractions of the uterine muscle during delivery. Breast - Contractions of myoepithelial cells around alveoli, causing milk ejection.

Question 74

Release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary is increased by: A) Decreased blood osmolarity. B) Elevated levels of progesterone. C) Mechanical stimulation of the mother’s nipples by suckling infant. D) Low levels of circulating estrogen.

Answer 74

C) Mechanical stimulation of the mother’s nipples by suckling infant Also: Uterine contractions during labor.

Question 75

The mechanism regulating oxytocin secretion during childbirth, where uterine contractions lead to further oxytocin release, is an example of: A) Negative feedback. B) Feedforward regulation. C) Positive feedback. D) Autocrine signaling.

Answer 75

C) Positive feedback.

Question 76

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that acts through which type of receptor? A) Enzyme-linked receptor. B) Ligand-gated ion channel. C) G-protein-coupled receptor. D) Intracellular nuclear receptor.

Answer 76

C) G-protein-coupled receptor. Also: ADH

Question 77

Signaling through the oxytocin receptor involves which pathway? A) Adenylate cyclase-cAMP pathway. B) Janus kinase-STAT pathway. C) Phospholipase C pathway. D) Receptor tyrosine kinase pathway.

Answer 77

C) Phospholipase C pathway.

Question 78

Vasopressin (ADH) primarily regulates: A) Blood glucose levels. B) Calcium homeostasis. C) Urine output, circulatory blood volume, and blood pressure. D) Metabolic rate.

Answer 78

C) Urine output, circulatory blood volume, and blood pressure.

Question 79

In the kidney, vasopressin acts via which receptor to stimulate water reabsorption in the collecting ducts? A) V1-receptor. B) V2-receptor. C) Alpha-adrenergic receptor. D) Beta-adrenergic receptor.

Answer 79

B) V2-receptor.

Question 80

The effect of vasopressin on arterial vessels is to induce: A) Vasodilation. B) Vasoconstriction. C) Increased capillary permeability. D) Decreased lymphatic drainage.

Answer 80

B) Vasoconstriction- V1 receptors

Question 81

A patient with diabetes insipidus due to reduced vasopressin secretion would likely exhibit: A) Severe hypoglycemia. B) Excessive fluid retention and edema. C) Excretion of large volumes of highly diluted urine (polyuria). D) Decreased thirst and fluid intake.

Answer 81

C) Excretion of large volumes of highly diluted urine (polyuria).

Question 82

An increase in blood osmolarity, such as during dehydration, is sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, leading to increased release of: A) Aldosterone. B) Renin. C) Vasopressin. D) Atrial natriuretic peptide.

Answer 82

C) Vasopressin