Physio: Sexual Differentiation Flashcards by Ashley Moss

Normal human somatic cells are characterized by which of the following chromosome counts?

A) 23 haploid chromosomes
B) 46 diploid chromosomes
C) 22 diploid chromosomes and 1 haploid chromosome
D) 23 pairs of somatic chromosomes and a single sex chromosome
E) 44 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes

B) 46 diploid chromosomes

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Which statement accurately describes the difference between X and Y chromosomes according to the source?

A) The X chromosome is significantly smaller than the Y chromosome.
B) The Y chromosome contains more genes than the X chromosome.
C) Most genes on the X chromosome are matched by corresponding genes on the Y chromosome.
D) Every individual must inherit at least one X chromosome because it contains genes necessary for life.
E) X and Y chromosomes are morphologically similar but differ in gene content.

D) Every individual must inherit at least one X chromosome because it contains genes necessary for life.

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Unlike sex chromosomes, autosomes are characterized by which of the following features? A) They carry genetic information determining sexual characteristics.
B) They always come in matching pairs, similar in size and shape.
C) They are present as a single pair in higher mammals.
D) They are morphologically different from sex chromosomes.
E) They are involved in reproduction as gametes.

B) They always come in matching pairs, similar in size and shape.

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According to the source, the genetic sex of an individual is determined at what point?

A) At the beginning of puberty
B) During gonadal differentiation
C) At the time of fertilization
D) During phenotypic development
E) During the first few weeks of embryonic life

C) At the time of fertilization

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In the context of genetic sex determination, the ovum always provides which chromosome to the offspring?

A) An X chromosome
B) A Y chromosome
C) Either an X or a Y chromosome with equal probability
D) 23 pairs of chromosomes
E) A haploid set of autosomes

A) An X chromosome

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What is the primary determinant of sexual development according to the source?

A) The presence or absence of the SRY gene
B) The type of autosomes inherited
C) The hormonal environment during embryonic life
D) The maternal genetic contribution
E) The size of the Y chromosome

A) The presence or absence of the SRY gene

The SRY gene determines the presence of male gonads. If present, a zygote is a male. If not present, zygote is female

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The SRY gene is located on which chromosome and codes for which protein?
A) X chromosome, Testes-Determining Factor (TDF)
B) Y chromosome, Sex-Determining Region Y protein
C) Autosome, Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS)
D) Y chromosome, Testes-Determining Factor (TDF)
E) X chromosome, Sex-determining Region Y protein

B) Y chromosome, Sex-Determining Region Y protein

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Which of the following is described as a non-invasive test that allows determination of fetal gender starting from the 6th week of pregnancy?

A) Ultrasound assessment of the genital tubercle
B) Amniocentesis
C) Blood sample analysis for fetal DNA containing the SRY gene
D) Assessment of the angle of the genital nub relative to the spine
E) Detection of hormone levels in maternal blood

C) Blood sample analysis for fetal DNA containing the SRY gene

Amniocentesis - is done at 15-16th week of gestation which determines any genetic disorder and the sex of fetus

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Gonadal sex is defined by the presence of either male gonads (testes) or female gonads (ovaries). Which cells within the male gonads are primarily responsible for producing testosterone?

A) Spermatocytes
B) Granulosa cells
C) Theca cells
D) Leydig cells
E) Sertoli cells

D) Leydig cells

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During early embryonic life, the gonads are initially indifferent or bipotential. In genetic males, the SRY gene causes the testes to begin developing around which gestational week?

A) Week 5
B) Week 7
C) Week 9
D) Week 12
E) Week 16

B) Week 7

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Phenotypic sex is determined by the physical characteristics of which structures?

A) Sex chromosomes and gonads
B) Genetic code and hormonal levels
C) Internal genital tract and external genitalia
D) Somatic cells and gametes
E) Primary and secondary sex characteristics

C) Internal genital tract and external genitalia

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Which of the following structures is part of the internal genital tract in males?
A) Scrotum
B) Penis
C) Labia majora
D) Uterus
E) Seminal vesicles

E) Seminal vesicles

Others:
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Ejaculatory duct

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Which of the following structures is part of the external genitalia in females?
A) Fallopian tubes
B) Uterus
C) Prostate
D) Clitoris
E) Epididymis

D) Clitoris

Others:
Labia minor and major
Lower part of vagina

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During embryonic development in males, the testes secrete two key hormones that act upon the Wolffian ducts and Mullerian ducts. What are these two hormones?

A) Estrogen and Progesterone
B) FSH and LH
C) Antimullerian hormone and Testosterone
D) GnRH and TDF
E) Growth Hormone and IGF-1

C) Antimullerian hormone and Testosterone

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In male embryonic development, testosterone stimulates the differentiation of which structures?

A) Mullerian ducts
B) External male genitalia directly
C) Ovaries
D) Wolffian ducts
E) Granulosa cells

D) Wolffian ducts

Into seminal vesicles, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and epidydmis

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The differentiation of the external male genitalia (penis and scrotum) during gestational weeks 9-10 requires the conversion of testosterone to which hormone?
A) Estradiol
B) Progesterone
C) DHT
D) AMH
E) TDF

C) DHT

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In females, the Mullerian ducts develop into which structures?
A) Epididymis, vas deference, seminal vesicles
B) Prostate, ejaculatory ducts, urethra
C) Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper one-third of vagina
D) Clitoris, labia majora, labia minora
E) Testes and associated structures

C) Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper one-third of vagina

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According to the source, the development of the external female genitalia during embryonic life primarily depends on the presence of which hormone?
A) Estradiol
B) Progesterone
C) Testosterone
D) Antimullerian hormone
E) No specific hormone is required for initial development

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E) No specific hormone is required for initial development

At what gestational week can the phenotypic sex of the fetus be determined using an abdominal ultrasound based on the development of the genital tubercle?
A) 7th week
B) 9th week
C) 16th week
D) 19-20th week
E) 24th week

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D) 19-20th week

Which of the following is classified as a primary sex characteristic according to the source?
A) Male pattern of body hair
B) Low-pitch voice
C) Enlarged breasts
D) External genitalia
E) Male body shape

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D) External genitalia

Gonads and internal genitalia

Which of the following is classified as a secondary sex characteristic according to the source?
A) Gonads
B) Internal genital tract
C) Achievement of the ability to produce offspring
D) External genitalia
E) Female body shape

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E) Female body shape

Primary sex characteristics are present at birth, while secondary sex characteristics develop during which period?
A) Embryonic life
B) Fetal development
C) Infancy
D) Puberty
E) Adulthood

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D) Puberty

Puberty is defined as the transition between juvenile and adult stages, marked by the development of secondary sex characteristics, the adolescent growth spurt, and achieving reproductive ability. What initiates puberty according to the source?

A) Increased secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
B) Increased secretion of testosterone or estrogen from the gonads
C) Increased secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus
D) Development of pulsatile patterns of gonadotropin secretion
E) Activation of adrenal androgen secretion

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A) Increased secretion of GnRH, FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

In males, what is typically the first observable sign of puberty (stage 2)?
A) Appearance of pubic hair
B) Enlargement of the testes
C) Growth of the penis
D) Development of a deeper voice
E) Initiation of spermatogenesis

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B) Enlargement of the testes and scrotum

The pubertal growth spurt in boys is primarily related to increased secretion of which hormones? A) FSH and LH B) GnRH and IGF-1 C) Growth Hormone and Testosterone D) Estrogen and Progesterone E) Adrenal androgens

C) Growth Hormone and Testosterone

In females, the start of puberty is caused by an increase in secretion and pulsatile pattern of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from the anterior pituitary. These changes reflect the pulsatile pattern of secretion of which hormone from the hypothalamus? A) Estrogen B) Progesterone C) GnRH D) Inhibin E) Activin

C) GnRH

In early female puberty, pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH is primarily observed during which period? A) Only during the day B) Only during REM sleep at night C) Throughout the 24-hour cycle D) Only during physical activity E) Only during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

B) Only during REM sleep at night

The LH surge, which eventually becomes regular with maturation of the female reproductive system, marks the initiation of which event? A) Thelarche B) Pubarche C) Adrenarche D) The first menstrual cycle (Menarche) E) Ovulation

D) The first menstrual cycle (Menarche)

What is typically the earliest observable sign of puberty in girls? A) Menarche B) Growth spurt C) Appearance of pubic hair D) Budding of the breasts (Thelarche) E) Deepening of the voice

D) Budding of the breasts (Thelarche)

The appearance of pubic and axillary hair in both sexes during puberty, known as adrenarche, is dependent on increased secretion of which hormones? A) Ovarian estrogens B) Testicular androgens C) Adrenal androgens D) Pituitary gonadotropins E) Hypothalamic GnRH

C) Adrenal androgens

Very active physical activity or extreme caloric deprivation in girls is noted to have what effect on the onset of puberty? A) Accelerates the onset B) Delays the onset C) Has no effect on the onset D) Affects only the duration of puberty E) Primarily impacts the growth spurt but not menarche

B) Delays the onset

The pubertal growth spurt occurs later in boys compared to girls. At what approximate average age does the pubertal growth spurt begin in boys? A) 9 years B) 11 years C) 13 years D) 15 years E) 17 years

C) 13 years 11 in girls

Although the pubertal growth spurt starts earlier in girls than in boys, which statement is true regarding the growth during this period? A) The duration of the spurt is shorter in boys. B) The relative increase in height is greater in girls. C) The relative increase in height is greater in boys. D) Boys and girls experience the same total height increase. E) Growth stops earlier in boys than in girls.

C) The relative increase in height is greater in boys.

During growth periods, the increase in height is mostly attributable to the lengthening of bones in which parts of the body? A) Skull and ribs B) Hands and feet C) Legs and vertebral column D) Arms and clavicle E) Pelvis and sternum

C) Legs and vertebral column

A long bone is divided into two ends and a shaft. What is the actively proliferating cartilage portion of each epiphysis that is in contact with the shaft called? A) Diaphysis B) Medullary cavity C) Periosteum D) Epiphyseal growth plate E) Articular cartilage

D) Epiphyseal growth plate

Which type of cells are responsible for laying down new cartilage in the interior of the epiphyseal growth plate? A) Osteoblasts B) Osteoclasts C) Chondrocytes D) Adipocytes E) Fibroblasts

A) Osteoblasts

Osteoblasts, located at the shaft edge of the epiphyseal growth plate, perform which function during bone elongation? A) Laying down new cartilage B) Resorbing old bone tissue C) Converting cartilage tissue to bone D) Secreting growth hormone E) Closing the epiphyseal plate

C) Converting cartilage tissue to bone

The growth-promoting effect of sex hormones is related to their stimulation of the secretion of which other hormones? A) FSH and LH B) GnRH and TDF C) Testosterone and Estrogen D) Growth Hormone and IGF-1 E) AMH and DHT

D) Growth Hormone and IGF-1

Sex hormones contribute to bone elongation by stimulating cell division and cartilage synthesis, but they eventually stop bone elongation by promoting which process? A) Increased bone matrix calcification B) Increased osteoblast activity C) Epiphyseal plate closure D) Inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation E) Decreased growth hormone secretion

C) Epiphyseal plate closure

Epiphyseal plate closure, which stops long bone growth, is thought to be primarily caused by which hormone? A) Testosterone B) Progesterone C) DHT D) Estrogens E) Growth Hormone

D) Estrogens

The source mentions that androgens can be converted to estrogens at the epiphyseal plates. This conversion helps explain why epiphyseal plate closure occurs in which individuals? A) Only females B) Only males C) Both males and females D) Individuals with hormone deficiencies E) Pre-pubertal children

B) Only males

In addition to stimulating Growth Hormone release, the growth-promoting effect of androgens includes an anabolic effect. What does this anabolic effect primarily involve? A) Decreased protein synthesis B) Increased fat deposition C) Increased protein synthesis D) Bone demineralization E) Cartilage breakdown

C) Increased protein synthesis

The anabolic effect of testosterone during puberty in boys accounts for a significant increase in which tissue type? A) Adipose tissue B) Skeletal muscle mass C) Bone density D) Connective tissue E) Neural tissue

B) Skeletal muscle mass

Increased secretion of which hormones during puberty in both sexes partly contributes to growth due to their anabolic effect? A) Ovarian estrogens B) Testicular testosterone C) Pituitary gonadotropins D) Adrenal androgens E) Hypothalamic GnRH

D) Adrenal androgens

Physio: Sexual Differentiation Flashcards

(44 cards)