Physio: Female Sexual Hormones

Question 1

A 16-year-old female is undergoing puberty. Which of the following primary sex characteristics is primarily stimulated to further grow and develop by increased secretion of estrogens at this stage?
A) Enlarged breasts
B) Widened hips
C) Female pattern of pubic hair
D) Ovaries
E) High-pitch voice

Answer 1

D) Ovaries

Question 2

A patient is being evaluated for reproductive hormone levels. Where are the main ovarian hormones, estrogens and progesterone, primarily secreted from after ovulation?
A) Theca cells of the corpus luteum
B) Granulosa cells of the corpus luteum
C) Theca cells of the ovarian follicle
D) Granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle
E) Anterior pituitary

Answer 2

B) Granulosa cells of the corpus luteum

Question 3

A woman in her early 30s is struggling with infertility. Evaluation reveals issues with sperm transport through the cervix. According to the sources, which hormonal effect facilitates sperm penetration by making cervical mucus thin and watery?
A) Progesterone
B) Estriol
C) Estrone
D) Beta-estradiol
E) Androstenedione

Answer 3

D) Beta-estradiol

Question 4

According to the source, which of the following is a primary function of the ovaries?
a) Synthesize red blood cells
b) Produce mature gametes
c) Filter waste from blood
d) Regulate blood glucose levels

Answer 4

b) Produce mature gametes

Question 5

Which of the following is listed as a female sexual hormone secreted by the ovaries in the source?

a) Testosterone
b) Insulin
c) Inhibin
d) Cortisol

Answer 5

c) Inhibin

And Progesterone, Estrogen, Activin

Question 6

The main ovarian hormones mentioned in the source are:
a) Testosterone and Progesterone
b) Estrogens and Progesterone
c) Inhibin and Activin
d) FSH and LH

Answer 6

b) Estrogens and Progesterone

Question 7

According to the source, which pathway describes a hormone released into the follicular fluid?
a) Endocrine
b) Autocrine
c) Paracrine
d) Neurocrine

Answer 7

c) Paracrine

Question 8

The endocrine pathway of hormonal action involves a hormone being released into the:
a) Follicular fluid
b) Synaptic cleft
c) Blood
d) Adjacent cells

Answer 8

c) Blood

Question 9

Moderate concentrations of estrogens and progesterone regulate GnRH, LH, and FSH release through which type of feedback according to the source?
a) Positive feedback
b) Negative feedback
c) Both positive and negative feedback
d) No feedback mechanism is mentioned

Answer 9

c) Both positive and negative feedback

Question 10

Which hormone stimulates proliferation of adjacent granulosa cells when released into the follicular fluid?
a) Progesterone
b) LH
c) FSH
d) Estrogens

Answer 10

c) FSH

Question 11

FSH stimulates folliculogenesis partly through the release of which hormones from granulosa cells?
a) Progesterone
b) Androgens
c) Estrogens
d) Inhibin

Answer 11

c) Estrogens

Question 12

According to the source, what are the sources for production of ovarian hormones?

a) Uterus and fallopian tubes
b) Ovarian follicles and Corpus luteum
c) Anterior pituitary and Hypothalamus
d) Adrenal glands and Liver

Answer 12

b) Ovarian follicles and Corpus luteum

Question 13

Which structure within the ovary is the target for FSH and LH?
a) Corpus luteum
b) Ovarian follicle
c) Stroma
d) Germinal epithelium

Answer 13

b) Ovarian follicle

Question 14

Starting with puberty, the hypothalamus secretes which hormone to stimulate the release of FSH and LH?
a) GnRH
b) Estrogen
c) Progesterone
d) Inhibin

Answer 14

a) GnRH

Question 15

FSH and LH stimulate the growth and development of which ovarian structures?
a) Corpus albicans
b) Ovarian follicles
c) Uterine glands
d) Breasts

Answer 15

b) Ovarian follicles

Question 16

Which cells are specifically stimulated by FSH and produce estrogens according to the source?
a) Theca cells
b) Luteal cells
c) Granulosa cells
d) Stromal cells

Answer 16

c) Granulosa cells — estrogen

Question 17

LH stimulates which cells within the ovarian follicle?
a) Granulosa cells
b) Theca cells
c) Oocytes
d) Corpus luteum cells

Answer 17

b) Theca cells — androgens

Question 18

Granulosa cells synthesize estrogens from androgens provided by which other cells?
a) Oocyte
b) Theca cells
c) Corpus luteum cells
d) Pituitary cells

Answer 18

b) Theca cells

Question 19

Which enzyme in granulosa cells converts androgens to estrogens (estradiol)?
a) 17-hydroxylase
b) Cholesterol desmolase
c) Aromatase
d) 5-reductase

Answer 19

c) Aromatase

Question 20

The source lists androstenedione and small amounts of testosterone as androgens released from which cells?
a) Granulosa cells
b) Theca cells
c) Corpus luteum cells
d) Follicular fluid

Answer 20

b) Theca cells

Question 21

What is a key distinction between granulosa cells and theca cells mentioned in the source regarding enzyme presence?
a) Granulosa cells have 17-hydroxylase, theca cells have aromatase.
b) Granulosa cells have aromatase, theca cells have 17-hydroxylase.
c) Both have aromatase but only granulosa cells have 17-hydroxylase.
d) Neither has aromatase, only 17-hydroxylase is present.

Answer 21

b) Granulosa cells have aromatase, theca cells have 17-hydroxylase.

Question 22

According to the source, which cells are superficial and close to blood vessels within the follicle, allowing them to take LDL cholesterol from the blood?
a) Granulosa cells
b) Theca cells
c) Oocytes
d) Cumulus cells

Answer 22

b) Theca cells

Question 23

Which cells within the follicle are described as internal cells, far from blood vessels, and surrounded by LDL-poor follicular fluid?
a) Theca cells
b) Granulosa cells
c) Corpus luteum cells
d) Stromal cells

Answer 23

b) Granulosa cells

Question 24

Which cells within the follicle express only the LH receptor?
a) Granulosa cells
b) Theca cells
c) Oocyte
d) All follicular cells

Answer 24

b) Theca cells

Granulosa — LH and FSH

Question 25

Inhibition of FSH secretion by blood estrogens ensures that only one tertiary follicle is selected to grow and mature for ovulation during a given menstrual cycle. This mechanism is described as what type of feedback? a) Positive feedback b) Negative feedback c) Short feedback loop d) Ultralong feedback loop

Answer 25

b) Negative feedback

Question 26

Once estrogens are released, they stimulate additional estrogen secretion by granulosa cells, creating what type of feedback loop described in the source? a) Negative feedback loop b) Long feedback loop c) Positive feedback loop d) Autocrine feedback loop

Answer 26

c) Positive feedback loop

Question 27

The corpus luteum is formed upon which event? a) Follicle development b) Menstruation c) Ovulation d) Fertilization

Answer 27

c) Ovulation

Question 28

The corpus luteum secretes which hormones according to the source? a) FSH and LH b) Estrogens and Progesterone c) Inhibin and Activin d) Androgens

Answer 28

b) Estrogens and Progesterone

Question 29

According to the source, in both ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum, estrogens are secreted by which cells? a) Theca cells b) Luteal cells (only in corpus luteum) c) Granulosa cells d) Stromal cells

Answer 29

c) Granulosa cells

Question 30

During pregnancy, estrogens are also secreted by which unit? a) Maternal adrenal glands b) Corpus albicans c) Fetoplacental unit d) Maternal pituitary gland

Answer 30

c) Fetoplacental unit

Question 31

Which estrogen is listed as the most abundant in the source? a) Estrone b) Estriol c) Beta-estradiol d) Estradiol sulfate

Answer 31

c) Beta-estradiol

Question 32

Primary sex characteristics in females, such as gonads and external genitalia, are present at birth but further grow and develop during puberty due to increased secretion of which hormones? a) Progesterone b) Androgens c) Estrogens d) FSH and LH

Answer 32

c) Estrogens

Question 33

Which of the following is listed as a female secondary sex characteristic that develops at puberty due to increased estrogen secretion? a) Ovaries b) Fallopian tubes c) Enlarged breasts d) Vagina

Answer 33

c) Enlarged breasts Also, high pitched voice, hair, body shape

Question 34

According to the source, what effect do estrogens have on cervical mucus? a) Make it thick b) Make it viscous c) Make it thin and watery d) Inhibit its production

Answer 34

c) Make it thin and watery

Question 35

Which hormone makes the cervical mucus thick? a) Estrogens b) Progesterone c) FSH d) LH

Answer 35

b) Progesterone

Question 36

Estrogens increase proliferation of which cells in the uterus? a) Myometrial cells b) Endometrial epithelial cells c) Cervical cells d) Uterine gland cells

Answer 36

b) Endometrial epithelial cells To replace cells after menstruation

Question 37

Estrogens stimulate uterine contractions and increase responsiveness of the myometrium to which hormone, potentially triggering parturition? a) Progesterone b) Relaxin c) Oxytocin d) Prolactin

Answer 37

c) Oxytocin

Question 38

Regarding bone effects, estrogens are stated to promote survival of which cells and apoptosis of which other cells? a) Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts b) Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts c) Chondrocytes, Osteocytes d) Adipocytes, Osteocytes

Answer 38

b) Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts Increase protein syntheses and calcium utilization.

Question 39

Low levels of plasma estrogens during menopause may be associated with which condition? a) Increased bone density b) Osteoporosis c) Arthritis d) Muscle wasting

Answer 39

b) Osteoporosis

Question 40

Estrogens are required for the closure of which structures in long bones? a) Diaphysis b) Medullary cavity c) Epiphyseal plates d) Articular cartilage

Answer 40

c) Epiphyseal plates

Question 41

On the liver, estrogens increase the clearance of which type of lipoproteins? a) High density lipoproteins (HDL) b) Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) c) Low density lipoproteins (LDL) d) Chylomicrons

Answer 41

c) Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Question 42

Estrogens increase the synthesis of which type of lipoproteins in the liver? a) Low density lipoproteins (LDL) b) High density lipoproteins (HDL) c) Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) d) Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

Answer 42

b) High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Question 43

According to the source, the changes in lipoprotein levels induced by estrogens contribute to: a) Higher risk for cardiovascular disease in females b) Lower risk for cardiovascular disease in females c) Increased blood pressure d) Decreased blood coagulation

Answer 43

b) Lower risk for cardiovascular disease in females

Question 44

Estrogens induce vasodilation and inhibit platelet aggregation by increasing production of which substance in the vascular endothelium? a) Endothelin b) Thromboxane A2 c) Nitric oxide d) Prostaglandin E2

Answer 44

c) Nitric oxide

Question 45

Estrogens maintain healthy skin by regulating collagen synthesis and breakdown, as well as proliferation and apoptosis of which cells? a) Fibroblasts b) Melanocytes c) Keratinocytes d) Adipocytes

Answer 45

c) Keratinocytes

Question 46

On adipose tissue, estrogens produce a lipolytic effect by stimulating which enzyme? a) Lipoprotein lipase b) Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) c) Hormone-sensitive lipase d) Fatty acid synthase

Answer 46

c) Hormone-sensitive lipase

Question 47

Progesterone is secreted by which structure? a) Ovarian follicle b) Corpus luteum c) Uterus d) Anterior pituitary

Answer 47

b) Corpus luteum

Question 48

According to the source, progesterone secretion starts after ovulation because it is secreted only in the presence of extremely high plasma levels of which hormone? a) FSH b) Estrogen c) LH d) GnRH

Answer 48

c) LH

Question 49

Progesterone prepares the endometrium of the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg by stimulating which specific activity? a) Proliferation of myometrial cells b) Sloughing off of the uterine lining c) Stimulation of endometrial glands to secrete glycogen and lipids d) Increasing responsiveness to oxytocin

Answer 49

c) Stimulation of endometrial glands to secrete glycogen and lipids

Question 50

Which of the following is listed as an effect of progesterone on the uterus? a) Stimulates uterine contractions b) Inhibits uterine contractile activity c) Increases proliferation of endometrial epithelial cells d) Facilitates movement of the oocyte towards the site of fertilization

Answer 50

b) Inhibits uterine contractile activity

Question 51

In addition to its effects on the uterus, progesterone also stimulates the growth of which other female reproductive structure? a) Ovarian follicles b) Fallopian tubes c) Breast d) External genitalia [

Answer 51

c) Breast

Question 52

A notable physiological effect of progesterone mentioned in the source that relates to systemic function is its ability to increase: a) Blood pressure b) Bone density c) Body temperature d) LDL cholesterol clearance [

Answer 52

c) Body temperature

Question 53

According to the source, the reason theca cells in the corpus luteum secrete progesterone while theca cells in the follicle do not is the requirement for: a) The presence of aromatase enzyme b) Stimulation by FSH c) Extremely high plasma LH levels (LH surge) d) Diffused androgens from granulosa cells

Answer 53

c) Extremely high plasma LH levels (LH surge)

Question 54

Progesterone's effect of inhibiting uterine contractile activity is primarily important for which process? a) Menstruation b) Ovulation c) Preparing for parturition d) Maintaining pregnancy (by preventing premature contractions)

Answer 54

d) Maintaining pregnancy (by preventing premature contractions)