Biochem: Nayak Slides Flashcards
(20 cards)
A patient presents shortly after consuming a large meal rich in carbohydrates. Which of the following hormonal actions, according to the source, would primarily contribute to reducing the patient’s blood glucose level in this state?
a) Stimulation of glycogenolysis in the liver
b) Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle tissue
c) Induction of glycolytic enzymes like glucokinase in the liver
d) Acceleration of the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue
c) Induction of glycolytic enzymes like glucokinase in the liver
A patient is in a prolonged fasting state. Based on the source, which hormonal effect would be crucial for maintaining the patient’s blood glucose levels during this period?
a) Stimulation of glycogen synthesis in the liver
b) Enhancement of gluconeogenesis from amino acids and lactate
c) Inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue
d) Increased glucose utilization by extrahepatic tissues
b) Enhancement of gluconeogenesis from amino acids and lactate
A patient with a certain endocrine disorder shows increased activity of adenylyl cyclase in liver cells, leading to elevated cAMP levels. According to the source, activation of which enzyme is likely favored in this patient’s liver due to this hormonal imbalance?
a) Glycogen synthase
b) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
c) Glycogen phosphorylase
d) HMG CoA reductase (dephosphorylated form)
c) Glycogen phosphorylase
A patient receives a bolus of a hormone that mimics the effects of a key hormone active in the fed state. According to the source, which metabolic outcome would be expected in the patient’s adipose tissue following administration of this hormone?
a) Increased lipolysis
b) Enhanced release of free fatty acids and glycerol
c) Decreased glucose uptake via GLUT-4
d) Stimulation of triacylglycerol synthesis
d) Stimulation of triacylglycerol synthesis
A patient is experiencing significant physiological stress. Based on the source, the release of certain hormones during this state would likely result in which of the following metabolic changes?
a) Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis
b) Increased glucose utilization in extrahepatic tissues
c) Increased protein catabolism to provide substrates for glucose production
d) Stimulation of glycogen synthesis in muscle
c) Increased protein catabolism to provide substrates for glucose production
A patient is diagnosed with an anterior pituitary tumor leading to excessive secretion of one of its hormones. According to the source, if this hormone is ACTH, what effect would it likely have on the patient’s glucose metabolism?
a) Increase glucose uptake in muscle
b) Decrease glucose utilization by tissues
c) Stimulate insulin secretion
d) Decrease blood glucose levels
b) Decrease glucose utilization by tissues
A patient is found to have very low levels of circulating free fatty acids and glycerol. According to the source, the activity of which enzyme is likely inhibited, potentially by an excess of a specific hormone?
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
b) Acetyl CoA carboxylase
c) Hormone sensitive lipase
d) Glycerol phosphate acyltransferase
c) Hormone sensitive lipase
In a patient receiving therapeutic doses of a hormone that acts like glucagon, which effect would be anticipated on cholesterol metabolism based on the source?
a) Decreased HMG CoA reductase activity
b) Increased dephosphorylation of HMG CoA reductase
c) Enhanced cholesterol synthesis
d) Stimulation of thyroid hormone release
a) Decreased HMG CoA reductase activity
A patient is in a state of starvation. According to the source, the altered activity of insulin and glucagon in this state favors the action of “hyperglycemic hormones”. Which of the following is listed as a mechanism by which some of these hyperglycemic hormones raise plasma free fatty acid concentration?
a) Inhibition of lipolysis of TG
b) Stimulation of fatty acid synthesis
c) Inactivation of hormone sensitive lipase
d) Increasing the lipolysis of TG
d) Increasing the lipolysis of TG
A patient’s liver cells show increased levels of glucokinase activity after a meal. According to the source, which hormone is primarily responsible for inducing this enzyme in the fed state?
a) Glucagon
b) Epinephrine
c) Cortisol (a glucocorticoid)
d) Insulin
d) Insulin
A patient exhibits suppressed glycogenolysis in the liver despite low blood glucose. According to the source, the action of which hormone, normally active in the fed state, is responsible for suppressing glycogenolysis by reducing elevated cAMP levels?
a) Glucagon
b) Epinephrine
c) Insulin
d) Thyroxine
c) Insulin
A patient’s muscle tissue is rapidly taking up glucose. According to the source, which transporter’s activity is likely stimulated by a circulating hormone to facilitate this uptake?
a) GLUT-2
b) GLUT-4
c) SGLT1
d) SGLT2
b) GLUT-4
A patient requires increased glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrate precursors. Based on the source, which process and its key regulatory enzymes would be stimulated by hormones like glucagon and glucocorticoids?
a) Glycolysis (glucokinase, phosphofructokinase)
b) Glycogenesis (glycogen synthase)
c) Gluconeogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase, PEPCK)
d) Glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase)
c) Gluconeogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase, PEPCK)
Increasing blood glucose
A patient is receiving a hormone therapy that inhibits the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase. According to the source, which hormone, endogenously produced in the fed state, also performs this function?
a) Glucagon
b) Epinephrine
c) Insulin
d) Norepinephrine
c) Insulin
A patient’s liver is actively converting pyruvate to alanine, and there is increased hepatic uptake of amino acids. According to the source, which class of hormones is likely responsible for increasing the activity of aminotransferase and facilitating hepatic uptake of amino acids?
a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) Epinephrine
d) Glucocorticoids
d) Glucocorticoids
A patient with uncontrolled diabetes, a state resembling starvation regarding cellular glucose uptake in some tissues, presents with elevated circulating free fatty acids. According to the source, this is consistent with decreased activity of which hormone, leading to increased lipolysis?
a) Glucagon
b) Epinephrine
c) Insulin
d) GH
c) Insulin
A patient’s adipose tissue is actively synthesizing triacylglycerol. According to the source, this process is enhanced by a hormone that stimulates which of the following enzymes involved in lipogenesis?
a) Hormone sensitive lipase
b) Glycogen phosphorylase
c) Glycerol phosphate acyltransferase
d) Glucose 6-phosphatase
c) Glycerol phosphate acyltransferase
A patient exhibits increased hepatic glucose output due to accelerated breakdown of stored glucose polymers. According to the source, which hormone accelerates liver glycogenolysis and also increases the rate of absorption of hexoses from the intestine?
a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) Epinephrine
d) Thyroxine
d) Thyroxine
A patient is given a substance that increases intracellular cAMP levels in adipose tissue. According to the source, this would likely lead to which immediate metabolic outcome in the adipose tissue?
a) Inhibition of lipolysis
b) Stimulation of triacylglycerol synthesis
c) Activation of hormone sensitive lipase
d) Decreased release of free fatty acids
c) Activation of hormone sensitive lipase
In a patient, alanine is being predominantly released from muscle to the liver. According to the source, this process is described in the context of the glucose-alanine cycle and is enhanced by which hormone during fasting?
a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) Epinephrine
d) GH
b) Glucagon
