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PH151 > Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Chemical used to treat diseases

A

Chemotherapeutic agents

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2
Q

A chemical used to destroy pathogenic
microorganisms with minimal damage
Produce naturally by organisms or created synthetically

A

Antimicrobial drugs

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3
Q

Antagonistic association between an organism and the metabolic substances produced by another

A

Antibiosis

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4
Q

Antimicrobial agent naturally produced by oragnisms

A

Antibiotic

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5
Q

“Magic Bullet”

Developed the concept of chemotherapy to treat microbial diseases

A

Paul Ehrlich

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6
Q

Developed by Ehrlich

First documented example of an antimicrobial drug

A

Salvarsan

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7
Q

Dicovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

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8
Q

Characteristics of Antimicrobial Agent

A 
Selective toxicity
Antimicrobial action
Spectrum of activity
Affects of antimicrobial combinations
Tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the medication
Adverse effects
Resistance to antimicrobials
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9
Q

Selectively toxic

A

Medically useful antimicrobials

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10
Q

The relative toxicity of a medication
The lowest dose toxic to the patient divided by the dose typically used for therapy
High would mean less toxic

A

Therapeutic index

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11
Q

Chemicals that inhibit growth of bacteria

A

Bacteriostatic

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12
Q

Chemicals that kill bacteria

A

Bactericidal

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13
Q

Affect a wide range of bacteria

A

Broad-spectrum antimicrobials

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14
Q

Affect only selected group of bacteria

Less distruptive to the normal microbiota

A

Norrow-spectrum antimicrobials

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15
Q

Advantage of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

A

Important for life-threatening diseases when intermediate antimicrobial treatment is essential and there is no time to culture and identify the pathogen

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16
Q

Disadvantage of broad spectrum antimicrobials

A

They disrupt normal microbiota

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17
Q

Affects of antimicrobial combinations

A

Antagonistic
Synergistic
Additive

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18
Q

Combinations that counter the effect of other antimicrobial agents

A

Antagonistic

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19
Q

Combinations in which the activity of one medication enhance the activity of the other

A

Synergistic

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20
Q

Combinations that are neither synergistic nor antagonistic

A

Additive

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21
Q

Adverse Effects

A

Allergic reactions
Toxic effects - damage kidney etc.
Suppresion of normal microbiota

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22
Q

Resistance to antimicrobials

A

Intrinsic (innate) resistance

Acquired resistance

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23
Q

Certain types of bacteria e.g. Mycoplasma

A

Intrinsic (innate) resistance

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24
Q

Due to spontaneuos mutation or the acquisition of new genetic information (horizontal gene transfer)

A

Acquired resistance

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25
Actions of Antimicrobial Drugs
``` Inhibition of: Cell wall synthesis Protein synthesis Essential metabolite synthesis Nucleic acid replication and transcription ```
26
Inhibit enzymes that help from cross-links between adjacent glycan chains, ultimately leading to cell lysis All have high therapeutic index
Beta-lactam antibiotics
27
Examples of beta-lactam antibiotics | Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Pencillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems Monobactams
28
An enzyme that breaks the beta-lactam ring, destroying the activity of the antibiotic
Beta-lactamase
29
Examples of beta-lactamase | Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Penicillinases | Carbapenemases
30
Examples of penicillinase resistant penicillins
Methicillin | Dicl oxacillin
31
Resistant to methicillin | Only beta-lactam antibiotics effective against them are the newest cephalosporins
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
32
Low therapeutic index | Includes vancomycin
Glycopeptide antibiotics
33
Its toxicity limits its use to topical applications
Bacitracin
34
Antibacterial medication that inhibit protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Macrolides Chloramphenicol etc.
35
Block the intiation of translation and cause misreading of mRNA
Aminoglycosides
36
Block the attachment of tRNA to the ribosome
Tetracyclines
37
Prevent the continuation of protein synthesis
Macrolides
38
Prevents peptide bonds from being formed
Chloramphenicol
39
Prevent the continuation of protein synthesis
Lincosamides
40
Interfere with the initiation of protein synthesis
Oxazolidinones
41
Prevents peptide bonds from being formed
Pleuromutilins
42
Each interferes with a distinct step of protein synthesis
Streptogramins
43
Antibacterial medications that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Fluoroquinolones Rifamycins Metronidazole
44
Inhibit topoisomerase enzyme which maintain supercoiling of DNA within the bacterial cell
Fluoroquinolones
45
Antibiotics that block bacterial RNA polymerase from initiating transcription
Rifamycins
46
Primarily used to treat tuberculosis
Rifampin
47
A synthetic compound that interferes with DNA synthesis and function, but only in anaerobic microorganisms
Metronidazole
48
Antibaterial medications that interfere metabolic pathways
Sulfa dugrs | Trimethoprim
49
Block different enzymes in a metabolic patyway required for nucleotide biosynthesis
Sulfa drugs | Trimethoprim
50
Meidcation used together as synergistic combination
Co-trimoxazole
51
Antibacterial medications that interfere with cell membrane intergrity
Daptomycin | Polymyxins
52
Effective only against gram positive
Daptomycin
53
Effective against gram negative cells
Polymyxins
54
Common ingredient in first-aid skin ointments
Polymyxin B
55
Antibacterial medication effective against mycobacterium tuberculosis
Isoniazid Ethambutol Pyrazinamide
56
Used to treat tuberculosis
First-line drugs
57
Used for strains resistant to first-line drugs
Second-line drugs
58
Inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids
Isoniazid (INH)
59
Inhibits enzyme required for synthesis of other mycobacterial cell wall components
Ethambutol (EMB)
60
Interferes with a process that mycobacterial cells use to restart stalled ribosomes
Pyrazinamide (PZA)
61
Mechanism of action of antiviral drugs
``` Prevent viral entry Interfere with viral coating Interfere with nucleic acid syntheiss Prevent genome integration Prevent assembly and release of viral particles ```
62
Mechanisms of action of antifungal drugs
``` Interfere with: Cytoplasmic membrane synthesis and function Cell wall synthesis Cell division Nucleic acid synthesis ```
63
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Minimum inhibitory conc. (MIC) | Minimum bactericidal conc. (MBC)
64
Lowest conc. of a specific antimicrobial needed to prevent the growth of a bacterial strain in vitro
MIC
65
Lowest conc. of a specific antimicrobial that kills 99.9% of cells of a given strain of bacterial in vitro
MBC
66
Determines susceptibility of a bacterial strain to a variety of antimicrobial medications
Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test | Conventional disc diffusion method
67
A gradient diffusion method that determines abtibiotic sensitivity and estimates MIC Modification of disc difussion method
E test (for epsilometer)
68
Mechanisms of acquired resistance
Blocking entry Inactivation of enzymes Alteration of target molecule Efflux of antibiotic
69
Resustance can be acquired through
Spontaneous mutation or horizontal gene transfer
70
Most common mechanism of transfer of antibiotic resistance genes is through
The conjugative transfer of R plasmids
71
Example of emerging resistance | CDC's threat level: urgent
Colstridium difficile Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae
72
Example of emerging resistance | CDC's threat level: serious
``` Candida Pseudomonas aeruginosa Non-typhoidal samonella Salmonella typhi Staphylococcus aureus ```
73
Lreventing resistance
Physicians prescription only when appropriate Follow prescribe instructions when taking antimicrobials Public must be educated

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