Classification (LE2)

Question 1

The science of biological classification

Answer 1

Taxonomy

Question 2

Grouping organisms into taxa based on mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness

Answer 2

Classification

Question 3

Characterization of an isolate to determine what species it is

Answer 3

Identification

Question 4

Assignment of names to taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules

Answer 4

Nomenclature

Question 5

Study of diversity of life (both past and present) and the relationships among living things through time
Uses taxonomy as means to understand organisms

Answer 5

Systematics

Question 6

Collection of strains that share many stable properties in common and differ significantly from other groups of strains

Answer 6

Species (in prokaryotes)

Question 7

A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

Answer 7

Species (in eukaryotes)

Question 8

Population of organisms that descends from a pure culture isolate or from a species

Answer 8

Strain

Question 9

Types of classification

Answer 9

Artificial

Natural or Phylogenetic

Question 10

Based upon the expressed characteristics or the phenotype of the organism

Answer 10

Artificial Classification

Question 11

Based upon the suggested evolution of the organism (those that share a common ancestor)

Answer 11

Natural or Phylogenetic Classification

Question 12

Three domains

Answer 12

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 13

Founded the 3 domains

Answer 13

Carl Woese in 1990

Question 14

Principles of Nomenclature

Answer 14

Each distinct kind of organism is designated as a species
Latin binomial nomenclature
Names are descriptive

Question 15

List of species of prokaryotes

Answer 15

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Question 16

Can change if the organism is assigned to another genus because of new information

Answer 16

Generic Name

Question 17

Stable

The oldest epithet for a particular organism takes precedence and must be used

Answer 17

Specific Name

Question 18

Rule for naming bacteria

Answer 18

International Code for the Nomenclature of Bacteria (1991)

Question 19

Questions on Nomenclature

Answer 19

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (IJSB)

Question 20

Involves the study, not of a single cell, but of a population of identical cells

Answer 20

Characterization and Identification

Question 21

Prerequisite for characterization

Answer 21

Pure Culture

Question 22

Reasons for characterization

Answer 22

Identification
Comparison with other organisms
Exploit characteristics which may be beneficial

Question 23

Major characteristics used in taxonomy

Answer 23

Cultural
Morphological
Metabolic
Chemical Composition
Antigenic
Genetic

Question 24

Refer to the nutrients required for growth and the physical conditions of an environment that will favor growth

Answer 24

Cultural

Question 25

Nutritional types

Answer 25

Based on: Energy source Carbon source C and E source

Question 26

Nutritional types based on energy source:

Answer 26

Phototrophs | Chemotrophs

Question 27

Based on carbon source:

Answer 27

Autotroph | Heterotroph (organotroph)

Question 28

Based on E and C source:

Answer 28

Photoautotroph Photoheterotroph Chemoautotroph Chemoheterotroph

Question 29

Photoautotroph (E and C source)

Answer 29

Sunlight (E) | CO2 (C)

Question 30

Photoheterotroph

Answer 30

``` Sunlight (E) Organic compounds (C) ```

Question 31

Chemoautotroph

Answer 31

``` Inorganic chemical (E) CO2 (C) ```

Question 32

Chemoheterotroph

Answer 32

``` Organic compounds (E) Oragnic compounds (C) ```

Question 33

Based on physical conditions:

Answer 33

Temperature req. pH req. Oxygen req.

Question 34

Temperature requirement

Answer 34

``` Psychrophile Mesophile Thermophile Psychrotroph Hyperthermophile ```

Question 35

Between -5 and 15C

Answer 35

Psychrophile

Question 36

Between 25 and 45C

Answer 36

Mesophile

Question 37

Between 45 and 70C

Answer 37

Thermophile

Question 38

Between 20 and 30C (but grows well at lower temperatures)

Answer 38

Psychrotroph

Question 39

Between 70 and 110C

Answer 39

Hyperthermophile

Question 40

pH Requirement

Answer 40

Acidophile Neutrophile Alkalophile

Question 41

Opt pH below 5.5

Answer 41

Acidophile

Question 42

Opt pH 5-8

Answer 42

Neutrophile

Question 43

Opt pH above 8.5

Answer 43

Alkalophile

Question 44

Oxygen Requirement

Answer 44

Aerobe | Anaerobe

Question 45

Types of aerobe

Answer 45

Obligate aerobe | Microaerophile

Question 46

Types of anaerobe

Answer 46

Obligate anaerobe Facultative anaerobe Aerotolerant anaerobe

Question 47

Other examples of cultural characteristics:

Answer 47

Type of growth on agar media Type of growth on liquid media Salt tolerance/requirement

Question 48

Morphological chracteristics

Answer 48

Size Shape Arrangement Structures

Question 49

Biochemical/physiological characteristics | i.e. presence of enzymes, fermentation of sugar

Answer 49

Metabolic characteristics

Question 50

Chemical composition

Answer 50

Gram negative | Gram positive

Question 51

Molecule capable of inducing an immune response on the part of the host organism

Answer 51

Antigen

Question 52

DNA composition analysis, detection of the likeness or homology between DNA of cell

Answer 52

Genetic composition